Protein S-Nitrosylation: A Chemical Modification with Ubiquitous Biological Activities

Nitric oxide (NO) induces protein posttranslational modification (PTM), known as S-nitrosylation, which has started to gain attention as a critical regulator of thousands of substrate proteins. However, our understanding of the biological consequences of this emerging PTM is incomplete because of the limited number of identified S-nitrosylated proteins (S–NO proteins). Recent advances in detection methods have effectively contributed to broadening the spectrum of discovered S–NO proteins. This article briefly reviews the progress in S–NO protein detection methods and discusses how these methods are involved in characterizing the biological consequences of this PTM. Additionally, we provide insight into S–NO protein-related diseases, focusing on the role of these proteins in mitigating the severity of infectious diseases.