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<p>The persistent contamination of water bodies by synthetic dyes such as Rhodamine B (Rh-B) poses a serious environmental challenge; however, most existing catalytic systems rely on energy intensive UV irradiation, toxic metal phases or complex fabrication routes that limit their practical applicability. To address this gap, a bio-derived polymer supported efficient catalytic system was developed for rapid Rh-B removal using in-situ synthesized bismuth (Bi) nanoarchitectures immobilized on chitosan (Ch) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh) supported by cellulose filter paper. Carboxymethylation of chitosan enhanced functional group density and metal-binding ability, enabling uniform in-situ formation and stable immobilization of metallic Bi nanostructures. Structural characterization by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and ¹H-NMR confirmed successful chitosan modification (crystalline size 0.2&#xa0;μm, degree of substitution = 0.85) and effective Bi incorporation. The catalytic performance was evaluated via NaBH₄-assisted reduction of Rh-B. The Bi/Ch-CFP and Bi/CMCh-CFP exhibited superior activity, achieving 92.1% and 98.5%, respectively. Kinetic analysis indicated pseudo-second-order behavior, with rate constants of 0.3965&#xa0;L·mg<sup>− 1</sup>·min⁻¹ for Bi/Ch-CFP and 0.0571&#xa0;L·mg<sup>− 1</sup>·min<sup>− 1</sup> for Bi/CMCh-CFP. The enhanced performance is attributed to increased carboxylate functional groups, which promote stronger Bi coordination and more efficient electron transfer. The Bi/CMCh-CFP catalyst demonstrated good reusability and structural stability over four consecutive cycles with minimal loss of efficiency. These findings highlight the potential of in-situ fabricated Bi–carboxymethyl chitosan composites as effective and reusable catalysts for rapid dye removal in wastewater treatment.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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In Situ Fabricated Bi/Chitosan-Cellulose Paper Composite for Rapid Catalytic Reduction of Rhodamine B

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月3日

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  • Fahad Zada,
  • Malak Ghufran Ullah,
  • Shahzad Hameed,
  • Arif Nawaz,
  • Zeeshan Hamid

摘要

The persistent contamination of water bodies by synthetic dyes such as Rhodamine B (Rh-B) poses a serious environmental challenge; however, most existing catalytic systems rely on energy intensive UV irradiation, toxic metal phases or complex fabrication routes that limit their practical applicability. To address this gap, a bio-derived polymer supported efficient catalytic system was developed for rapid Rh-B removal using in-situ synthesized bismuth (Bi) nanoarchitectures immobilized on chitosan (Ch) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh) supported by cellulose filter paper. Carboxymethylation of chitosan enhanced functional group density and metal-binding ability, enabling uniform in-situ formation and stable immobilization of metallic Bi nanostructures. Structural characterization by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and ¹H-NMR confirmed successful chitosan modification (crystalline size 0.2 μm, degree of substitution = 0.85) and effective Bi incorporation. The catalytic performance was evaluated via NaBH₄-assisted reduction of Rh-B. The Bi/Ch-CFP and Bi/CMCh-CFP exhibited superior activity, achieving 92.1% and 98.5%, respectively. Kinetic analysis indicated pseudo-second-order behavior, with rate constants of 0.3965 L·mg− 1·min⁻¹ for Bi/Ch-CFP and 0.0571 L·mg− 1·min− 1 for Bi/CMCh-CFP. The enhanced performance is attributed to increased carboxylate functional groups, which promote stronger Bi coordination and more efficient electron transfer. The Bi/CMCh-CFP catalyst demonstrated good reusability and structural stability over four consecutive cycles with minimal loss of efficiency. These findings highlight the potential of in-situ fabricated Bi–carboxymethyl chitosan composites as effective and reusable catalysts for rapid dye removal in wastewater treatment.

Graphical Abstract