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<p>Three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds that replicate extracellular matrix (ECM) characteristics are central to tissue engineering. Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a well-established synthetic polymer for melt-based 3D printing; however, its hydrophobicity and poor biocompatibility limit its applications. This study aimed to develop and evaluate PCL scaffolds reinforced with halloysite nanoclay (HNC), silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), and TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs to incorporate osteoinductive features. HNC/Ag and HNC/TiO<sub>2</sub> nanocomposites (NCs) were synthesized via hydrothermal reduction and incorporated into PCL via melt blending, followed by 3D printing into porous scaffolds. The constructs were characterized using SEM, TEM, XRD, and FTIR. Cytocompatibility, osteogenic differentiation, and mineralization were evaluated with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) through MTT, ALP activity, calcium deposition, and osteogenic gene expression. Scaffolds exhibited uniform porosity, enhanced hydrophilicity after plasma treatment, and homogeneous nanofiller distribution. Compared with pristine PCL and PCL/HNC, PCL/HNC/Ag and PCL/HNC/TiO<sub>2</sub> scaffolds significantly improved ADMSC adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation. Notably, ALP activity, calcium deposition, and osteogenic gene expression (Osteocalcin, Osteonectin, Col1A1, and ALP) were upregulated. The incorporation of TiO<sub>2</sub> and Ag NPs into the PCL/HNC enhanced the biocompatibility of the scaffold. Both PCL/HNC/Ag and PCL/HNC/TiO<sub>2</sub> scaffolds offer a promising multifunctional platform for bone tissue engineering, overcoming the inherent limitations of PCL by simultaneously promoting osteogenesis and reducing the risk of infection.</p>

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Osteogenic and Antimicrobial Effects of 3D-Printed Polycaprolactone Scaffolds Reinforced with Halloysite Nanoclay and Titanium Oxide or Silver Nanoparticles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月13日

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  • Nastaran Ansari Noghlebari,
  • Niloofar MohammadEbrahim,
  • Iman Rad,
  • Marzieh Mehrabadi,
  • Elaheh Esmaeili

摘要

Three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds that replicate extracellular matrix (ECM) characteristics are central to tissue engineering. Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a well-established synthetic polymer for melt-based 3D printing; however, its hydrophobicity and poor biocompatibility limit its applications. This study aimed to develop and evaluate PCL scaffolds reinforced with halloysite nanoclay (HNC), silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), and TiO2 NPs to incorporate osteoinductive features. HNC/Ag and HNC/TiO2 nanocomposites (NCs) were synthesized via hydrothermal reduction and incorporated into PCL via melt blending, followed by 3D printing into porous scaffolds. The constructs were characterized using SEM, TEM, XRD, and FTIR. Cytocompatibility, osteogenic differentiation, and mineralization were evaluated with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) through MTT, ALP activity, calcium deposition, and osteogenic gene expression. Scaffolds exhibited uniform porosity, enhanced hydrophilicity after plasma treatment, and homogeneous nanofiller distribution. Compared with pristine PCL and PCL/HNC, PCL/HNC/Ag and PCL/HNC/TiO2 scaffolds significantly improved ADMSC adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation. Notably, ALP activity, calcium deposition, and osteogenic gene expression (Osteocalcin, Osteonectin, Col1A1, and ALP) were upregulated. The incorporation of TiO2 and Ag NPs into the PCL/HNC enhanced the biocompatibility of the scaffold. Both PCL/HNC/Ag and PCL/HNC/TiO2 scaffolds offer a promising multifunctional platform for bone tissue engineering, overcoming the inherent limitations of PCL by simultaneously promoting osteogenesis and reducing the risk of infection.