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<p>Nanotechnology provides promising strategies for developing sustainable biodegradable packaging materials through polymer–nanofiller composites. This study investigated tragacanth-based nanocomposite films containing nanosilica (0–2% w/w) fabricated by aqueous casting using glycerol as a plasticizer, and systematically evaluated their physical, surface, optical, and barrier properties. Film thickness, moisture content, water solubility, surface roughness (AFM), wettability (contact angle), water vapor permeability (WVP), color parameters, and microstructure (SEM) were analyzed using a combination of univariate and multivariate statistical approaches. Classical ANOVA indicated that nanosilica incorporation did not significantly affect film thickness or WVP, whereas moisture content, surface wettability, surface roughness, and optical characteristics were significantly modified (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Multivariate analyses revealed strong clustering among surface and optical traits, identifying surface roughness (<i>η</i>² &gt; 0.99) and optical parameters (<i>η</i>² &gt; 0.95) as the most responsive features to nanosilica addition. Regression modeling demonstrated pronounced nonlinear dose–response relationships, in which moisture content and contact angle followed U-shaped trends, while surface roughness and color indices (L, b, ΔE, YI, WI) increased at low to intermediate nanosilica levels and partially recovered at higher concentrations. Overall, the results demonstrate that nanosilica primarily acts as a surface and visual modifier in tragacanth-based films, while leaving thickness and water vapor permeability largely unchanged. An optimal nanosilica concentration of approximately 1% provided the most balanced enhancement of surface structuring and wettability. Although complete water solubility limits immediate food-contact applications, these findings highlight the potential of tragacanth–nanosilica nanocomposites for sustainable material design and further functional optimization.</p>

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Nonlinear and Multivariate Effects of Nanosilica Content on Tragacanth-Based Nanocomposite Films for Sustainable Packaging

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月24日

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  • Sasan Karimi,
  • Farid Amidi-Fazli,
  • Mohammad Ghorbanpour

摘要

Nanotechnology provides promising strategies for developing sustainable biodegradable packaging materials through polymer–nanofiller composites. This study investigated tragacanth-based nanocomposite films containing nanosilica (0–2% w/w) fabricated by aqueous casting using glycerol as a plasticizer, and systematically evaluated their physical, surface, optical, and barrier properties. Film thickness, moisture content, water solubility, surface roughness (AFM), wettability (contact angle), water vapor permeability (WVP), color parameters, and microstructure (SEM) were analyzed using a combination of univariate and multivariate statistical approaches. Classical ANOVA indicated that nanosilica incorporation did not significantly affect film thickness or WVP, whereas moisture content, surface wettability, surface roughness, and optical characteristics were significantly modified (p < 0.05). Multivariate analyses revealed strong clustering among surface and optical traits, identifying surface roughness (η² > 0.99) and optical parameters (η² > 0.95) as the most responsive features to nanosilica addition. Regression modeling demonstrated pronounced nonlinear dose–response relationships, in which moisture content and contact angle followed U-shaped trends, while surface roughness and color indices (L, b, ΔE, YI, WI) increased at low to intermediate nanosilica levels and partially recovered at higher concentrations. Overall, the results demonstrate that nanosilica primarily acts as a surface and visual modifier in tragacanth-based films, while leaving thickness and water vapor permeability largely unchanged. An optimal nanosilica concentration of approximately 1% provided the most balanced enhancement of surface structuring and wettability. Although complete water solubility limits immediate food-contact applications, these findings highlight the potential of tragacanth–nanosilica nanocomposites for sustainable material design and further functional optimization.