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<p>In the current study, Polylactic acid (PLA)/ Polycaprolactone (PCL)/Bioactive glass (BG) composite filaments were fabricated using reactive extrusion technique followed by the preparation of specimens and prototypes of scaffolds employing fused deposition modeling (FDM) for bone tissue engineering (BTE). Surface modified sol gel process was employed to synthesize dual doped (Mg²⁺/Zn²⁺) BG. Variable concentrations of BG 3wt%, 5wt%, and 7wt% was reinforced within PLA/PCL (PPP) matrix to develop PPP BG composite filaments. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was incorporated as a plasticiser to facilitate the processability of PLA/PCL/BG (PPP BG) composite matrix. The resulting 3D printed composite specimens were systematically characterized using structural, thermal, morphological, mechanical, and biological analysis. XRD, SEM and FTIR analyses confirmed uniform BG dispersion and strong interfacial bonding, while DSC and TGA revealed improved crystallinity and thermal stability with increasing BG content. Mechanical tests demonstrated enhancements in tensile, flexural, compressive strength of PPP BG at 7 wt% BG loading to the tune of 44%, 27%, and 20% as compared with PPP. Additionally, there was a threefold enhancement in impact resistance to the tune of 194% in 7wt% of BG compared with the PPP. Wettability and porosity assessments indicated increased surface hydrophilicity and a well interconnected pore structure favorable for cell attachment and proliferation. In addition, antioxidant activity increased with BG concentration, reaching 33.16% radical scavenging efficiency at 7 wt% BG. Antibacterial studies showed effective inhibition against Escherichia coli (184 CFU/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus (1 × 10² CFU/mL). Bioactivity evaluation in simulated body fluid (SBF) confirmed rapid hydroxyapatite layer (HA) formation on scaffold surfaces, while MTT and acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) assays demonstrated enhanced cytocompatibility. Thus, multifunctional PLA/PCL/BG composites represent promising biomaterial for patient specific bone scaffold applications.</p>

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Development of Sol-gel Derived Bioactive Glass-reinforced PLA/PCL Filaments for Additive Manufacturing of Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月24日

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  • Pragyan Aparajita Dash,
  • Smita Mohanty,
  • Sanjay Kumar Nayak,
  • Krishna Dixit

摘要

In the current study, Polylactic acid (PLA)/ Polycaprolactone (PCL)/Bioactive glass (BG) composite filaments were fabricated using reactive extrusion technique followed by the preparation of specimens and prototypes of scaffolds employing fused deposition modeling (FDM) for bone tissue engineering (BTE). Surface modified sol gel process was employed to synthesize dual doped (Mg²⁺/Zn²⁺) BG. Variable concentrations of BG 3wt%, 5wt%, and 7wt% was reinforced within PLA/PCL (PPP) matrix to develop PPP BG composite filaments. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was incorporated as a plasticiser to facilitate the processability of PLA/PCL/BG (PPP BG) composite matrix. The resulting 3D printed composite specimens were systematically characterized using structural, thermal, morphological, mechanical, and biological analysis. XRD, SEM and FTIR analyses confirmed uniform BG dispersion and strong interfacial bonding, while DSC and TGA revealed improved crystallinity and thermal stability with increasing BG content. Mechanical tests demonstrated enhancements in tensile, flexural, compressive strength of PPP BG at 7 wt% BG loading to the tune of 44%, 27%, and 20% as compared with PPP. Additionally, there was a threefold enhancement in impact resistance to the tune of 194% in 7wt% of BG compared with the PPP. Wettability and porosity assessments indicated increased surface hydrophilicity and a well interconnected pore structure favorable for cell attachment and proliferation. In addition, antioxidant activity increased with BG concentration, reaching 33.16% radical scavenging efficiency at 7 wt% BG. Antibacterial studies showed effective inhibition against Escherichia coli (184 CFU/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus (1 × 10² CFU/mL). Bioactivity evaluation in simulated body fluid (SBF) confirmed rapid hydroxyapatite layer (HA) formation on scaffold surfaces, while MTT and acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) assays demonstrated enhanced cytocompatibility. Thus, multifunctional PLA/PCL/BG composites represent promising biomaterial for patient specific bone scaffold applications.