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<p>The effect of aluminum triflate content (Al(OTf)3) on curing, curing kinetics, degradation, and volatile analysis was investigated using epoxy matrices based on epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and residual epoxidized soybean oil (RESO) cured with fumaric acid (FMA). The Al(OTf)<sub>3</sub> content tested ranged from 0 to 1.5% by mass, which addition resulted in a reduction in curing temperatures of as much as 100&#xa0;°C relative to non-catalyzed systems. Curing enthalpy was calculated by DSC under non-isothermal conditions in an inert nitrogen atmosphere. Kinetics was modeled using Friedman and FWO models with R² &gt;0.96, and Borchardt-Daniels model with R² &gt;0.99. These models showed similar trends in curing activation energy (E<sub>ac</sub>) and frequency factor (A or Z), and parameters such as reaction half-life (θ) and reaction order (n) were also estimated. At 0.5 wt% Al(OTf)₃, compounds reached peak curing performance—evidenced by higher dα/dt and complete curing below 120&#xa0;°C—and reaction enthalpies (ΔH<sub>ESO</sub> = 280&#xa0;J/g and ΔH<sub>RESO</sub> = 190&#xa0;J/g)—promoted enhanced thermal stability due to higher crosslink density. Finally, the main degradation products of all specimens analyzed by means of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were CO<sub>2</sub>, hydrocarbons, esters, and ethers.</p>

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Effect of Aluminum Triflate on Curing Kinetics, Degradation and Gas Analysis of Crosslinked Networks of Epoxidized Soybean Oil and Fumaric Acid

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月17日

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  • Elieber Barros,
  • José Barreto,
  • Nicole Soares,
  • Amanda Araújo,
  • Renato Melo,
  • Mary Silva,
  • Carlos Luna,
  • Edcleide Araújo,
  • Renate Wellen

摘要

The effect of aluminum triflate content (Al(OTf)3) on curing, curing kinetics, degradation, and volatile analysis was investigated using epoxy matrices based on epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and residual epoxidized soybean oil (RESO) cured with fumaric acid (FMA). The Al(OTf)3 content tested ranged from 0 to 1.5% by mass, which addition resulted in a reduction in curing temperatures of as much as 100 °C relative to non-catalyzed systems. Curing enthalpy was calculated by DSC under non-isothermal conditions in an inert nitrogen atmosphere. Kinetics was modeled using Friedman and FWO models with R² >0.96, and Borchardt-Daniels model with R² >0.99. These models showed similar trends in curing activation energy (Eac) and frequency factor (A or Z), and parameters such as reaction half-life (θ) and reaction order (n) were also estimated. At 0.5 wt% Al(OTf)₃, compounds reached peak curing performance—evidenced by higher dα/dt and complete curing below 120 °C—and reaction enthalpies (ΔHESO = 280 J/g and ΔHRESO = 190 J/g)—promoted enhanced thermal stability due to higher crosslink density. Finally, the main degradation products of all specimens analyzed by means of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were CO2, hydrocarbons, esters, and ethers.