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<p>In this study, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> magnetic particles (MPs) were extracted from nickel slag using molten oxidation and magnetic separation, then coated with a blend of sodium alginate (SA)/polyethylene glycol (PEG)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and doped with Mn²⁺ to form Mn²⁺-Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@SA/PEG/PVA MPs. Glutaraldehyde (GA) was grafted onto these particles to obtain Mn²⁺-Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@SA/PEG/PVA-GA MPs, used as carriers for Penicillin G acylase (PGA) immobilization through a Schiff base reaction. Analytical approaches such as fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), scanning electron microscope-energy spectroscopy of dispersive x-rays (SEM-EDS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) confirmed each modification stage. Enzymological properties of free and immobilized PGA were investigated. The findings have been achieved employing a 2.5 vol% of enzyme solution concentration, a pH of 8.0, an immobilization time of 24&#xa0;h, and an immobilization temperature of 40&#xa0;°C. Under these circumstances, the immobilized PGA exhibited enhanced stability across various pH and temperature settings, attaining an enzyme activity retention (<i>EAR</i>) of 95.6%, an enzyme activity (<i>EA</i>) of 31,996 U/g, and an enzyme loading capacity (<i>ELC</i>) of 118&#xa0;mg/g. After 15 uses, immobilized PGA retained 92% of its initial activity, and the carrier recovery (<i>Re</i>) reached 98%. Immobilized PGA displayed superior operational and storage stability, making it highly promising for practical applications due to its increased efficiency and extended lifetime.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Study of Sodium Alginate/polyethylene Glycol/polyvinyl Alcohol Polymeric, Doped Mn2+, Coated Recycled Fe3O4 Particle Carriers for Enhancing Catalytic Activity and Reusability of Immobilization Penicillin G Acylase

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月29日

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  • Monier Alhadi Abdelrahman Mohammed,
  • Zhenbin Chen,
  • Mohammed Kamal Hadi

摘要

In this study, Fe3O4 magnetic particles (MPs) were extracted from nickel slag using molten oxidation and magnetic separation, then coated with a blend of sodium alginate (SA)/polyethylene glycol (PEG)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and doped with Mn²⁺ to form Mn²⁺-Fe3O4@SA/PEG/PVA MPs. Glutaraldehyde (GA) was grafted onto these particles to obtain Mn²⁺-Fe3O4@SA/PEG/PVA-GA MPs, used as carriers for Penicillin G acylase (PGA) immobilization through a Schiff base reaction. Analytical approaches such as fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), scanning electron microscope-energy spectroscopy of dispersive x-rays (SEM-EDS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) confirmed each modification stage. Enzymological properties of free and immobilized PGA were investigated. The findings have been achieved employing a 2.5 vol% of enzyme solution concentration, a pH of 8.0, an immobilization time of 24 h, and an immobilization temperature of 40 °C. Under these circumstances, the immobilized PGA exhibited enhanced stability across various pH and temperature settings, attaining an enzyme activity retention (EAR) of 95.6%, an enzyme activity (EA) of 31,996 U/g, and an enzyme loading capacity (ELC) of 118 mg/g. After 15 uses, immobilized PGA retained 92% of its initial activity, and the carrier recovery (Re) reached 98%. Immobilized PGA displayed superior operational and storage stability, making it highly promising for practical applications due to its increased efficiency and extended lifetime.

Graphical Abstract