Biodegradation Behavior and Life Cycle Assessment of PLA/PHBV/Carbonaceous Materials Hybrid Nanocomposites for Antimicrobial Multifunctional Packaging

Renewable multifunctional materials are crucial for advancing industries such as electronics and packaging. This study investigates the potential of graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) and multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) reinforcement in poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) blends for multifunctional packaging. Employing solvent-free techniques, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of morphological, thermal, mechanical, antimicrobial, and biodegradable properties. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) was applied to evaluate the nanofiller morphologies and the immiscibility between PLA and PHBV, while differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed crystallinity changes induced by carbon nanomaterials. Mechanical tests demonstrated remarkable enhancements, notably a 30% increase in elastic modulus and 195% in ultimate tensile strength. Antimicrobial assays revealed exceptional effectiveness, especially in GNP-containing nanocomposites. Crucially, biodegradation tests highlighted compatibility with the blend. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) underscored significant eco-efficiency, minimizing harmful emissions. These findings emphasize the potential of MWCNT, GNP-reinforced PLA/PHBV nanocomposites for diverse applications and as eco-friendly alternatives to conventional plastics.