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<p>The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) enables intelligent and connected transportation but faces critical challenges related to data privacy, security, and trust. To address these issues, this paper proposes a blockchain-based authentication framework that supports both short-term and long-term identity verification without relying on centralized authorities. The framework employs elliptic curve cryptography for secure key generation and introduces a trust-aware consensus mechanism, Trust-based Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (T-PBFT). T-PBFT integrates the Eigen Trust model to evaluate node reliability, enabling the selection of high-trust nodes for consensus and reducing communication overhead. Performance evaluations conducted on network sizes up to 1000 nodes demonstrate that T-PBFT significantly improves transaction processing speed and scalability compared to existing approaches such as AoR. Results show lower latency, efficient decentralized identity management, and enhanced consensus stability. These findings indicate that the proposed framework is well suited for real-time and large-scale IoV deployments.</p>

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T-PBFT: A Blockchain-Based Authentication Protocol with Trust-Aware Consensus for Secure and Scalable Internet of Vehicles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月23日

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  • Souad Mallat,
  • Samira Harrabi,
  • Ines BenJaafar

摘要

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) enables intelligent and connected transportation but faces critical challenges related to data privacy, security, and trust. To address these issues, this paper proposes a blockchain-based authentication framework that supports both short-term and long-term identity verification without relying on centralized authorities. The framework employs elliptic curve cryptography for secure key generation and introduces a trust-aware consensus mechanism, Trust-based Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (T-PBFT). T-PBFT integrates the Eigen Trust model to evaluate node reliability, enabling the selection of high-trust nodes for consensus and reducing communication overhead. Performance evaluations conducted on network sizes up to 1000 nodes demonstrate that T-PBFT significantly improves transaction processing speed and scalability compared to existing approaches such as AoR. Results show lower latency, efficient decentralized identity management, and enhanced consensus stability. These findings indicate that the proposed framework is well suited for real-time and large-scale IoV deployments.