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<p>The groundbreaking achievements in materials manufacturing technology have led to an increase in the usage of the Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composite material in the aerospace, automotive, and civil engineering industries. The CFRP materials, because of their high strength-to-weight ratio, resistance to corrosion and reliability in terms of their mechanical properties, have become invaluable. However, the fact that these composites contain defects including but not limited to: gaps, delaminated and ingrained material, and inclusions can deteriorate their performance, which is why advanced quality control techniques are required. In this regard, active Thermal Wave Imaging techniques have considered of great significance. This study is an investigation of Chirp Modulated Thermal Wave Imaging (CMTWI), utilizing simulations and experiments, as a non-destructive evaluation method for CFRP materials. The simulation part included a CFRP specimen with 25 defects placed systematically in terms of diameter and depths. The synthetic data is overlaid with Gaussian noise in order to simulate the realistic environmental disruption. In a complementary manner, an empirical study is carried out on a CFRP test sample with nine defects, and the variation in both diameter and depth spans three discrete levels. The results of simulated and experimental studies are analyzed using modern time and frequency domain methods. Baseline drift is attenuated first by using the method of second-order polynomial fitting. Later post-processing involved the actual Discrete Fourier Transform (using Fast Fourier Transform), which helped extract frequency-domain magnitude thermal profiles, as well as pulse compression through circular convolution in the time domain. The obtained pulse-compressed thermal profiles are measured in the time domain, included statistical metrics, such as the peak to peak amplitude, mean value, crest factor, and standard deviation. Similarly, the features such as maximum magnitude, kurtosis, frequency skewness, and Harmonics to Noise Ratio (HNR) are obtained from the frequency domain data. The results indicate that high level of correlation between simulation and empirical evidence, hence, these findings support the effectiveness of CMTWI when combined with the use of dual-domain (time–frequency) analysis in order to ensure the accurate identification of defects in CFRP composites and their correction.</p>

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Time–Frequency Domain Analysis of Subsurface Defects in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites using Chirp Modulated Thermal Wave Imaging

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月16日

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  • Mamta Janagal,
  • Geetika Dua,
  • Kulbir Singh

摘要

The groundbreaking achievements in materials manufacturing technology have led to an increase in the usage of the Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composite material in the aerospace, automotive, and civil engineering industries. The CFRP materials, because of their high strength-to-weight ratio, resistance to corrosion and reliability in terms of their mechanical properties, have become invaluable. However, the fact that these composites contain defects including but not limited to: gaps, delaminated and ingrained material, and inclusions can deteriorate their performance, which is why advanced quality control techniques are required. In this regard, active Thermal Wave Imaging techniques have considered of great significance. This study is an investigation of Chirp Modulated Thermal Wave Imaging (CMTWI), utilizing simulations and experiments, as a non-destructive evaluation method for CFRP materials. The simulation part included a CFRP specimen with 25 defects placed systematically in terms of diameter and depths. The synthetic data is overlaid with Gaussian noise in order to simulate the realistic environmental disruption. In a complementary manner, an empirical study is carried out on a CFRP test sample with nine defects, and the variation in both diameter and depth spans three discrete levels. The results of simulated and experimental studies are analyzed using modern time and frequency domain methods. Baseline drift is attenuated first by using the method of second-order polynomial fitting. Later post-processing involved the actual Discrete Fourier Transform (using Fast Fourier Transform), which helped extract frequency-domain magnitude thermal profiles, as well as pulse compression through circular convolution in the time domain. The obtained pulse-compressed thermal profiles are measured in the time domain, included statistical metrics, such as the peak to peak amplitude, mean value, crest factor, and standard deviation. Similarly, the features such as maximum magnitude, kurtosis, frequency skewness, and Harmonics to Noise Ratio (HNR) are obtained from the frequency domain data. The results indicate that high level of correlation between simulation and empirical evidence, hence, these findings support the effectiveness of CMTWI when combined with the use of dual-domain (time–frequency) analysis in order to ensure the accurate identification of defects in CFRP composites and their correction.