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<p>The time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) technique in ultrasonic testing is limited in detecting axial defects in pipelines due to the increased quantitative errors induced by pipeline curvature. The generalized TOFD techniques involving diffracted longitudinal wave, mode-converted wave, and LS-L wave (L-longitudinal and S-shear waves) are developed to detect and quantify axial defects by establishing the three-dimensional relationship between eccentric distance, defect depth, and the corresponding wave propagation time. The axial cracks beyond and within dead zone under different pipeline parameters (e.g., curvature radius and material) and detection conditions (e.g., probe center separation (PCS) and eccentric distance) are detected quantitatively by combining the obtained theoretical three-dimensional relationship. The simulated and experimental measurement errors are no more than 4.7% and 4.9%, respectively. Finally, the quantitative errors under different eccentric distances using the previous and newly proposed generalized TOFD techniques are compared to indicate the latter's advantages, and another generalized TOFD technique is investigated to detect axial defects.</p>

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Generalized Ultrasonic TOFD Techniques for Detecting Axial Defects in Pipelines

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月24日

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  • Shijie Jin,
  • Shuyao Huangfu,
  • Junyi Peng,
  • Zhongbing Luo

摘要

The time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) technique in ultrasonic testing is limited in detecting axial defects in pipelines due to the increased quantitative errors induced by pipeline curvature. The generalized TOFD techniques involving diffracted longitudinal wave, mode-converted wave, and LS-L wave (L-longitudinal and S-shear waves) are developed to detect and quantify axial defects by establishing the three-dimensional relationship between eccentric distance, defect depth, and the corresponding wave propagation time. The axial cracks beyond and within dead zone under different pipeline parameters (e.g., curvature radius and material) and detection conditions (e.g., probe center separation (PCS) and eccentric distance) are detected quantitatively by combining the obtained theoretical three-dimensional relationship. The simulated and experimental measurement errors are no more than 4.7% and 4.9%, respectively. Finally, the quantitative errors under different eccentric distances using the previous and newly proposed generalized TOFD techniques are compared to indicate the latter's advantages, and another generalized TOFD technique is investigated to detect axial defects.