The taxonomic status of Dasyprocta ruatanica Thomas, 1901, described as an endemic species from Roatán Island, Honduras, has remained controversial. Its diagnosis relied primarily on smaller body size and darker pelage compared to D. punctata Gray, 1842; traits later accepted by several authors. However, these characters are known to vary in insular mammals, where dwarfism and darker colorations are common ecological responses. Our morphometric analyses, based on multivariate approaches, demonstrate extensive overlap between D. ruatanica and D. punctata, with no statistically significant divergence in overall cranial and mandibular shape. Nonetheless, Roatán individuals show consistent reduction in size relative to both continental and other insular populations, confirming a strong pattern of island dwarfism. These results indicate that D. ruatanica does not warrant species-level recognition but rather represents a morphologically distinct insular lineage. Based on our findings, we propose treating D. ruatanica under the trinomial name of Dasyprocta punctata ruatanica. This reclassification maintains taxonomic stability while acknowledging its unique evolutionary trajectory. From a conservation perspective, the Roatán population remains highly vulnerable due to its restricted range, habitat loss, hunting, and possible introgression from introduced D. punctata. Effective management should prioritize habitat preservation, and invasive species control underscoring the need for tailored management to protect this insular lineage.
