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<p>The hot end terminal section of a pulse tube refrigerator fundamentally shapes its internal energy transport and irreversibility. In this work, the roles of the terminal compressible volume and the high resistance structure are decoupled using three 2D axisymmetric CFD models. Under no-load conditions, the inertance pulse tube refrigerator achieves effective cooling to 84&#xa0;K, whereas the model with only the high resistance structure or only the terminal compressible volume shows much poorer cooling performance. Detailed thermodynamic analyses are performed for the pulse tube, regenerator, and cold heat exchanger, with emphasis on cooling behavior, pressure–volume (PV) power and enthalpy flow conversion, and entropy generation. The results show that the main role of terminal resistance is to reduce the losses associated with viscous dissipation in the pulse tube and the pressure drop losses in the regenerator. In contrast, the terminal compressible volume mainly helps maintain stable periodic oscillating flow in the pulse tube and provides a certain phase adjustment effect, thereby improving PV power transmission. Proper matching between these two effects can effectively reduce the irreversible losses of the system and improve energy utilization efficiency. In comparison, the continuous phase shifting capability of the inertance tube plays a more critical role in increasing the transmissible PV power of the system. The calculation results at a cold-end temperature of 120&#xa0;K further show that the present study can provide theoretical guidance for the optimal design of the phase shifter and the improvement of cooling performance in inertance pulse tube refrigerators.</p>

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Numerical Study on Phase Shifter Effects on Heat Transfer, Flow, and Entropy Generation in Pulse Tube Refrigerators

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月16日

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  • Yu Yan,
  • Longyu Yang,
  • Yu Liu,
  • Bingcheng Wang,
  • Zheng Cui,
  • Wei Shao

摘要

The hot end terminal section of a pulse tube refrigerator fundamentally shapes its internal energy transport and irreversibility. In this work, the roles of the terminal compressible volume and the high resistance structure are decoupled using three 2D axisymmetric CFD models. Under no-load conditions, the inertance pulse tube refrigerator achieves effective cooling to 84 K, whereas the model with only the high resistance structure or only the terminal compressible volume shows much poorer cooling performance. Detailed thermodynamic analyses are performed for the pulse tube, regenerator, and cold heat exchanger, with emphasis on cooling behavior, pressure–volume (PV) power and enthalpy flow conversion, and entropy generation. The results show that the main role of terminal resistance is to reduce the losses associated with viscous dissipation in the pulse tube and the pressure drop losses in the regenerator. In contrast, the terminal compressible volume mainly helps maintain stable periodic oscillating flow in the pulse tube and provides a certain phase adjustment effect, thereby improving PV power transmission. Proper matching between these two effects can effectively reduce the irreversible losses of the system and improve energy utilization efficiency. In comparison, the continuous phase shifting capability of the inertance tube plays a more critical role in increasing the transmissible PV power of the system. The calculation results at a cold-end temperature of 120 K further show that the present study can provide theoretical guidance for the optimal design of the phase shifter and the improvement of cooling performance in inertance pulse tube refrigerators.