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<p>The preparation of multifunctional nanocomposites possessing dual functionalities, including adsorption and antibacterial, is a worthy goal in sustainable wastewater treatment technology. The present investigation reports the green synthesis of Ag/Ga and Ag/Ga/Chitosan nanocomposites utilizing extracts of <i>Salvia rosmarinus</i> and their characterization <i>via</i> UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, zeta potential, TEM, SEM, EDX, elemental mapping, XRD, and pHPZC analysis. Characteristic plasmonic absorption was obtained in the wavelength range of 521–522&#xa0;nm from the UV-Vis spectroscopy, while the addition of chitosan led to a rise in the optical bandgap energy to 1.427&#xa0;eV from 1.206&#xa0;eV. The TEM analysis indicated that chitosan reduced the particle size distribution to between 22.54&#xa0;nm and 50.48&#xa0;nm and prevented nanoparticle agglomeration. The Ag/Ga/chitosan nanocomposites had a value of pHPZC of 6.69 ± 0.03 and decreased silver ion leaching, hence increasing aqueous stability. Under optimal conditions, the nanocomposites showed 99.12 ± 0.41% removal of Congo red dye after 60&#xa0;min at pH 6 and an adsorption capacity of 49.56 ± 0.20 mg g<sup>− 1</sup>. Adsorption followed a second-order kinetic rate law (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.998) and Langmuir isotherm model (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.998) with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 166.72 mg g<sup>− 1</sup>. Thermodynamic studies suggested the process was spontaneous and endothermic with standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG° = -4.82 to -6.79&#xa0;kJ mol<sup>− 1</sup>) and enthalpy change (ΔH° = 24.61&#xa0;kJ mol<sup>− 1</sup>). The prepared nanocomposites showed high efficiency (88.92 ± 1.23%) of removal ability, even up to six times of regeneration, and significant antibacterial activity with a zone of inhibition at 17.0 ± 0.62&#xa0;mm and production of reactive oxygen species at 96 ± 1.72%. These findings demonstrate the potential of Ag/Ga/chitosan nanocomposites as efficient multifunctional materials for wastewater remediation and microbial control.</p> Graphical Abstract <p>Greenly synthesized Ag-Ga-chitosan nanocomposites using <i>Salvia rosmarinus</i> extract exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity, ROS generation, Ag<sup>+</sup> release, and efficient Congo Red dye removal, demonstrating strong potential for biomedical and wastewater treatment applications.</p> <p></p>

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Green Fabrication of Silver-Gallium-Chitosan Nanocomposites Using Salvia rosmarinus Extract for Enhanced Antibacterial Activity, Reactive Oxygen Species Generation, Silver Ion Release, and Congo Red Dye Removal

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月31日

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  • Khadra B. Alomari,
  • May Mireani,
  • Mona A. Alhasani,
  • Maryam M. Alnoman,
  • Najah A. Alshammari,
  • Saham F. Ibarhiam,
  • Hanadi A. Katouah,
  • Nashwa M. El-Metwaly

摘要

The preparation of multifunctional nanocomposites possessing dual functionalities, including adsorption and antibacterial, is a worthy goal in sustainable wastewater treatment technology. The present investigation reports the green synthesis of Ag/Ga and Ag/Ga/Chitosan nanocomposites utilizing extracts of Salvia rosmarinus and their characterization via UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, zeta potential, TEM, SEM, EDX, elemental mapping, XRD, and pHPZC analysis. Characteristic plasmonic absorption was obtained in the wavelength range of 521–522 nm from the UV-Vis spectroscopy, while the addition of chitosan led to a rise in the optical bandgap energy to 1.427 eV from 1.206 eV. The TEM analysis indicated that chitosan reduced the particle size distribution to between 22.54 nm and 50.48 nm and prevented nanoparticle agglomeration. The Ag/Ga/chitosan nanocomposites had a value of pHPZC of 6.69 ± 0.03 and decreased silver ion leaching, hence increasing aqueous stability. Under optimal conditions, the nanocomposites showed 99.12 ± 0.41% removal of Congo red dye after 60 min at pH 6 and an adsorption capacity of 49.56 ± 0.20 mg g− 1. Adsorption followed a second-order kinetic rate law (R2 = 0.998) and Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.998) with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 166.72 mg g− 1. Thermodynamic studies suggested the process was spontaneous and endothermic with standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG° = -4.82 to -6.79 kJ mol− 1) and enthalpy change (ΔH° = 24.61 kJ mol− 1). The prepared nanocomposites showed high efficiency (88.92 ± 1.23%) of removal ability, even up to six times of regeneration, and significant antibacterial activity with a zone of inhibition at 17.0 ± 0.62 mm and production of reactive oxygen species at 96 ± 1.72%. These findings demonstrate the potential of Ag/Ga/chitosan nanocomposites as efficient multifunctional materials for wastewater remediation and microbial control.

Graphical Abstract

Greenly synthesized Ag-Ga-chitosan nanocomposites using Salvia rosmarinus extract exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity, ROS generation, Ag+ release, and efficient Congo Red dye removal, demonstrating strong potential for biomedical and wastewater treatment applications.