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<p>The mechanical mismatch and poor biological integration of titanium-based implants remain significant challenges in orthopedic surgery. This study reports the development of a novel hybrid elastomeric coating comprising poly(glycerol sebacate) and silk fibroin, chemically crosslinked with (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane and reinforced with silanized mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles and titania nanotubes. Material characterization was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Mechanical properties were evaluated via nanoindentation and tensile testing, while adhesion was assessed using the cross-hatch test. Biological response was evaluated using MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts through live/dead staining, CCK-8 proliferation assays, alkaline phosphatase activity measurements, and Alizarin Red S mineralization staining. Spectroscopic analysis confirmed the formation of a robust covalent siloxane network that bridged the organic and inorganic phases. The optimized dual-filler formulation exhibited an exceptional elastic modulus of 12.8&#xa0;MPa, representing a significant improvement over the uncrosslinked control, and achieved a maximum cross-hatch adhesion score of 5.0 on Ti–6Al–4&#xa0;V substrates. Cell culture studies using MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts demonstrated that the composite coating significantly enhanced cellular proliferation, as quantified by the CCK-8 assay. At day 7, the G5 coating supported a 14.4-fold higher optical density (OD) compared to the uncrosslinked control, indicating robust cell growth. Furthermore, the coating induced an intracellular alkaline phosphatase activity of 216.2 U/mg by day 14 and a 30-fold enhancement in extracellular matrix mineralization compared to the crosslinked baseline. These results suggest that the combined ionic and topographical cues provided by the dual-filler system synergistically enhance osteogenic activities, making this hybrid elastomeric coating a promising candidate for advanced bone-implant surface modification. Notably, the coating exhibited intrinsic osteoinductivity without exogenous supplements, which may simplify clinical protocols and reduce reliance on recombinant growth factors.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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In Vitro Development and Characterization of Silane-Crosslinked Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS)–Silk Fibroin Hybrid Elastomeric Coatings Co-reinforced with Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles and Titania Nanotubes for Osteogenic Bone-Implant Interfaces

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月24日

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  • Vignesh Jagajeevan,
  • Vidhya Lakshmi Sivakumar

摘要

The mechanical mismatch and poor biological integration of titanium-based implants remain significant challenges in orthopedic surgery. This study reports the development of a novel hybrid elastomeric coating comprising poly(glycerol sebacate) and silk fibroin, chemically crosslinked with (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane and reinforced with silanized mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles and titania nanotubes. Material characterization was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Mechanical properties were evaluated via nanoindentation and tensile testing, while adhesion was assessed using the cross-hatch test. Biological response was evaluated using MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts through live/dead staining, CCK-8 proliferation assays, alkaline phosphatase activity measurements, and Alizarin Red S mineralization staining. Spectroscopic analysis confirmed the formation of a robust covalent siloxane network that bridged the organic and inorganic phases. The optimized dual-filler formulation exhibited an exceptional elastic modulus of 12.8 MPa, representing a significant improvement over the uncrosslinked control, and achieved a maximum cross-hatch adhesion score of 5.0 on Ti–6Al–4 V substrates. Cell culture studies using MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts demonstrated that the composite coating significantly enhanced cellular proliferation, as quantified by the CCK-8 assay. At day 7, the G5 coating supported a 14.4-fold higher optical density (OD) compared to the uncrosslinked control, indicating robust cell growth. Furthermore, the coating induced an intracellular alkaline phosphatase activity of 216.2 U/mg by day 14 and a 30-fold enhancement in extracellular matrix mineralization compared to the crosslinked baseline. These results suggest that the combined ionic and topographical cues provided by the dual-filler system synergistically enhance osteogenic activities, making this hybrid elastomeric coating a promising candidate for advanced bone-implant surface modification. Notably, the coating exhibited intrinsic osteoinductivity without exogenous supplements, which may simplify clinical protocols and reduce reliance on recombinant growth factors.

Graphical Abstract