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<p>Biogenic bimetallic nanoparticles (BNPs) have gained increasing attention in biomedical research owing to their lower toxicity and enhanced therapeutic performance compared with chemically synthesized counterparts. In this study, <i>Momordica dioica</i> fruit extract–mediated copper–zinc BNPs (MCZ-BNPs) were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for their anticancer, antibacterial, and antibiofilm activities. MCZ-BNPs were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, SEM–EDX, XRD, and FTIR. Cytotoxicity was assessed in A431 and HEK293 cells using MTT assays. Mechanistic assays, including ROS measurement (DCFDA), antioxidant profiling (GPX1, SOD1, CAT, GSH), mitochondrial membrane potential (JC-1), nuclear morphology (DAPI), and apoptosis (AO/EtBr), were performed. ELISA quantified IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 release. Antibacterial activity was examined against multiple pathogens using ZOI and MIC assays, and antibiofilm activity against <i>S. mutans</i> was analysed via CLSM. MCZ-BNPs formed stable crystalline structures containing both Cu and Zn phases. A431 cells exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity (IC<sub>50</sub> ≈ 45&#xa0;µg/mL), whereas HEK293 cells retained &gt; 90% viability at concentrations up to 100&#xa0;µg/mL. MCZ-BNPS exposure caused substantial ROS accumulation, depletion of cellular antioxidants, mitochondrial depolarization, apoptotic nuclear changes, and elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8. The nanoparticles also demonstrated strong antibacterial activity, with notable inhibition zones and low MIC values (100&#xa0;µg/mL), and effectively disrupted <i>S. mutans</i> biofilms. MCZ-BNPs exhibit potent ROS-mediated anticancer activity and significant antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy. Their dual functionality highlights their potential as green-synthesised nanotherapeutic agents, warranting further <i>in vivo</i> evaluation to establish safety and therapeutic applicability.</p>

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Green-Engineered Copper–Zinc Bimetallic Nanoparticles as Bifunctional Nanotherapeutics with Anticancer and Antibiofilm Efficacy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月1日

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  • Abubucker Peer Mohideen,
  • Penislusshiyan Sakayanathan,
  • Chitra Loganathan,
  • Muhammad Musthafa Poyil,
  • Mohammad Hassan Abdelzaher,
  • Nesreen Alsanousi

摘要

Biogenic bimetallic nanoparticles (BNPs) have gained increasing attention in biomedical research owing to their lower toxicity and enhanced therapeutic performance compared with chemically synthesized counterparts. In this study, Momordica dioica fruit extract–mediated copper–zinc BNPs (MCZ-BNPs) were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for their anticancer, antibacterial, and antibiofilm activities. MCZ-BNPs were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, SEM–EDX, XRD, and FTIR. Cytotoxicity was assessed in A431 and HEK293 cells using MTT assays. Mechanistic assays, including ROS measurement (DCFDA), antioxidant profiling (GPX1, SOD1, CAT, GSH), mitochondrial membrane potential (JC-1), nuclear morphology (DAPI), and apoptosis (AO/EtBr), were performed. ELISA quantified IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 release. Antibacterial activity was examined against multiple pathogens using ZOI and MIC assays, and antibiofilm activity against S. mutans was analysed via CLSM. MCZ-BNPs formed stable crystalline structures containing both Cu and Zn phases. A431 cells exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity (IC50 ≈ 45 µg/mL), whereas HEK293 cells retained > 90% viability at concentrations up to 100 µg/mL. MCZ-BNPS exposure caused substantial ROS accumulation, depletion of cellular antioxidants, mitochondrial depolarization, apoptotic nuclear changes, and elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8. The nanoparticles also demonstrated strong antibacterial activity, with notable inhibition zones and low MIC values (100 µg/mL), and effectively disrupted S. mutans biofilms. MCZ-BNPs exhibit potent ROS-mediated anticancer activity and significant antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy. Their dual functionality highlights their potential as green-synthesised nanotherapeutic agents, warranting further in vivo evaluation to establish safety and therapeutic applicability.