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<p>Antimicrobial activity of fabrics—achieved, for instance, through modification with silver (Ag)—is an important advantage in both everyday use and healthcare applications. However, it is equally important to minimize silver loading, prevent its release into the environment, and ensure the durability of the modification. To reach these aims, antimicrobial activity was imparted to cotton fabric via a two-step process involving siloxane coating followed by silver (Ag) immobilization. Siloxane sols were synthesized from triethoxysilane (TES) and trimethoxy(3-mercaptopropyl)silane (TMPS) at varying molar ratios, from 0:1 to 1:0, and applied to the fabric using a sol–gel method, which enabled introducing reactive –SiH and –CH₂CH₂CH₂SH functional groups onto the fiber surfaces. Subsequently, Ag was attached and immobilized by immersing the coated fabrics in a 0.01&#xa0;M AgNO₃ solution under light-protected conditions, leading. Interestingly, XPS revealed two distinct mechanisms: –SiH groups promoted the reduction of Ag⁺ ions to metallic Ag⁰ nanoparticles, whereas –SH groups formed stable Ag–S bonds with ionic Ag species. Mapping with SEM with EDS confirmed a uniform Ag distribution across the fiber surfaces. TGA allowed to determine the siloxane coating content in the modified fabrics ranging from 0.7 to 1.1 wt%, and the Ag content varying between 0.2 and 2 wt%. The disk diffusion method and SEM examination evidenced antimicrobial activity against <i>Staphylococcus</i> <i>aureus</i>, <i>Escherichia</i><i> coli</i>, <i>Pseudomonas</i><i> aeruginosa</i>, and <i>Candida</i><i> albicans</i>. Covalent siloxane–cellulose bonding imparted durability of antimicrobial activity against washing The elaborated novel approach enables durable strong antimicrobial performance with minimized Ag loading thereby reducing potential environmental impact and provides a promising route for producing durable antimicrobial textiles for healthcare applications.</p>

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Durable Antimicrobial Hybrid Siloxane/Silver Coatings of Cotton Fabric with Sol–Gel and Chemical Binding Processes

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月10日

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  • Urszula Mizerska,
  • Mariia Svyntkivska,
  • Dorota Kręgiel,
  • Krystian Sokołowski,
  • Maciej Bik,
  • Tomasz Makowski,
  • Ewa Piorkowska

摘要

Antimicrobial activity of fabrics—achieved, for instance, through modification with silver (Ag)—is an important advantage in both everyday use and healthcare applications. However, it is equally important to minimize silver loading, prevent its release into the environment, and ensure the durability of the modification. To reach these aims, antimicrobial activity was imparted to cotton fabric via a two-step process involving siloxane coating followed by silver (Ag) immobilization. Siloxane sols were synthesized from triethoxysilane (TES) and trimethoxy(3-mercaptopropyl)silane (TMPS) at varying molar ratios, from 0:1 to 1:0, and applied to the fabric using a sol–gel method, which enabled introducing reactive –SiH and –CH₂CH₂CH₂SH functional groups onto the fiber surfaces. Subsequently, Ag was attached and immobilized by immersing the coated fabrics in a 0.01 M AgNO₃ solution under light-protected conditions, leading. Interestingly, XPS revealed two distinct mechanisms: –SiH groups promoted the reduction of Ag⁺ ions to metallic Ag⁰ nanoparticles, whereas –SH groups formed stable Ag–S bonds with ionic Ag species. Mapping with SEM with EDS confirmed a uniform Ag distribution across the fiber surfaces. TGA allowed to determine the siloxane coating content in the modified fabrics ranging from 0.7 to 1.1 wt%, and the Ag content varying between 0.2 and 2 wt%. The disk diffusion method and SEM examination evidenced antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. Covalent siloxane–cellulose bonding imparted durability of antimicrobial activity against washing The elaborated novel approach enables durable strong antimicrobial performance with minimized Ag loading thereby reducing potential environmental impact and provides a promising route for producing durable antimicrobial textiles for healthcare applications.