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<p>Rapid industrialization and uncontrolled discharge of synthetic pollutants have intensified global aquatic contamination, demanding selective, rapid, and sustainable remediation strategies. Herein, a poorly-crystalline Mo-itaconic acid metal-organic framework (Mo-IA) was investigated as an efficient catalytic platform for the degradation of structurally diverse organic dyes under dark, sunlight, and UV-Hg irradiation conditions. The catalytic activity of Mo-IA was evaluated towards Rose Bengal, Malachite Green, Crystal Violet, Congo Red, Fuchsin Basic, and Rhodamine B dyes in both initiator-free and H₂O₂-assisted systems. Mo-IA exhibited remarkable degradation efficiency for multiple dye systems, achieving 99.1% degradation of Fuchsin Basic, 98.2% degradation of Rose Bengal (50 ppm), and 97.2% degradation of Rhodamine B (15 ppm) under dark-condition. Rapid initial degradation was governed by adsorption-assisted oxidation, followed by irradiation-enhanced radical-mediated pathways. Control experiments performed without Mo-IA confirmed negligible dye degradation, establishing the essential role of catalyst in the oxidation process. Non-linear kinetic modeling revealed dye-dependent mechanistic behavior, where pseudo-first-order kinetics dominated concentration-controlled systems, while zero-order behavior emerged under surface-saturated conditions. Radical scavenging studies identified ⋅O₂⁻ and ⋅OH radicals as the dominant oxidative species, while TOC analysis confirmed substantial mineralization of the dye molecules. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed efficient interfacial electron transfer in pristine Mo-IA, while increased charge transfer resistance after degradation confirmed the participation of electron-transfer processes during catalytic dye degradation. FTIR analysis verified the structural stability of Mo-IA after repeated catalytic cycles, highlighting its durability and reusability. The low-crystalline nature of Mo-IA provides abundant unsaturated active sites and enhanced surface accessibility, enabling simultaneous adsorption-assisted and catalytic degradation of multiple dyes. This study highlights the novelty of Mo-IA as a multifunctional platform for efficient multi-component dye remediation through combined adsorption, radical-mediated oxidation, and irradiation-responsive catalytic processes under dark-condition.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Rapid Oxidative Remediation of Six Structurally-Diverse Dyes in Simulated Wastewater under Dark-Condition: Performance Evaluation of Mo-Itaconic Acid in Pollutant Abatement

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月30日

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  • Maridula Thakur,
  • Sachin Kumar

摘要

Rapid industrialization and uncontrolled discharge of synthetic pollutants have intensified global aquatic contamination, demanding selective, rapid, and sustainable remediation strategies. Herein, a poorly-crystalline Mo-itaconic acid metal-organic framework (Mo-IA) was investigated as an efficient catalytic platform for the degradation of structurally diverse organic dyes under dark, sunlight, and UV-Hg irradiation conditions. The catalytic activity of Mo-IA was evaluated towards Rose Bengal, Malachite Green, Crystal Violet, Congo Red, Fuchsin Basic, and Rhodamine B dyes in both initiator-free and H₂O₂-assisted systems. Mo-IA exhibited remarkable degradation efficiency for multiple dye systems, achieving 99.1% degradation of Fuchsin Basic, 98.2% degradation of Rose Bengal (50 ppm), and 97.2% degradation of Rhodamine B (15 ppm) under dark-condition. Rapid initial degradation was governed by adsorption-assisted oxidation, followed by irradiation-enhanced radical-mediated pathways. Control experiments performed without Mo-IA confirmed negligible dye degradation, establishing the essential role of catalyst in the oxidation process. Non-linear kinetic modeling revealed dye-dependent mechanistic behavior, where pseudo-first-order kinetics dominated concentration-controlled systems, while zero-order behavior emerged under surface-saturated conditions. Radical scavenging studies identified ⋅O₂⁻ and ⋅OH radicals as the dominant oxidative species, while TOC analysis confirmed substantial mineralization of the dye molecules. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed efficient interfacial electron transfer in pristine Mo-IA, while increased charge transfer resistance after degradation confirmed the participation of electron-transfer processes during catalytic dye degradation. FTIR analysis verified the structural stability of Mo-IA after repeated catalytic cycles, highlighting its durability and reusability. The low-crystalline nature of Mo-IA provides abundant unsaturated active sites and enhanced surface accessibility, enabling simultaneous adsorption-assisted and catalytic degradation of multiple dyes. This study highlights the novelty of Mo-IA as a multifunctional platform for efficient multi-component dye remediation through combined adsorption, radical-mediated oxidation, and irradiation-responsive catalytic processes under dark-condition.

Graphical Abstract