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<p>This study reports the fabrication and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based composite membranes incorporating activated clay (AC) and magnetite Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) for enhanced water treatment. The membranes were synthesized using a solution casting method and evaluated for structural, morphological, and functional properties using FTIR, ¹H-NMR, SEM-EDX, XRD, and zeta potential analyses. Performance testing involved the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye and divalent ions (Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺), as well as assessments of porosity, pure water flux, fouling resistance, and membrane reusability. Among the various formulations, the PVA/2AC:1Fe₃O₄ membrane demonstrated the highest porosity (84.8%) and pure water flux (94.3&#xa0;L·m⁻²·h⁻¹), along with superior removal efficiencies of 97.0% for MB dye, for 95.0% Ca²⁺, and 90.6% for Mg²⁺. Performance, assessed by flux recovery ratio (FRR) and fouling percentage, showed that the PVA/2AC:1Fe₃O₄ membrane showed the best results, with FRRs of 84.8–89.1% and fouling as low as 10.2%. These result contrast sharply with the pristine MPVA baseline, which exhibited limited porosity (42.1%), low PWF (58.4&#xa0;L·m⁻²·h⁻¹),) and poor rejection (31.3–45.2%), while suffering from high fouling rates (57.5%–61.6%). The improved performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of the high surface area and ion-exchange capacity of AC and the magnetic, antifouling properties of Fe₃O₄ NPs. The study highlights the potential of this composite membrane as a cost-effective and reusable solution for treating water contaminated with organic dyes and Ca and Mg ions.</p>

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Enhanced Fouling Control Using PVA-Clay-Magnetic Composite Membranes in Water Treatment Systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月2日

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  • Paul Osei,
  • Bismark Tetteh Padi,
  • Elikplim Nyabi,
  • Mandela Toku,
  • Sampson Kofi Kyei,
  • Eric Selorm Agorku

摘要

This study reports the fabrication and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based composite membranes incorporating activated clay (AC) and magnetite Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) for enhanced water treatment. The membranes were synthesized using a solution casting method and evaluated for structural, morphological, and functional properties using FTIR, ¹H-NMR, SEM-EDX, XRD, and zeta potential analyses. Performance testing involved the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye and divalent ions (Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺), as well as assessments of porosity, pure water flux, fouling resistance, and membrane reusability. Among the various formulations, the PVA/2AC:1Fe₃O₄ membrane demonstrated the highest porosity (84.8%) and pure water flux (94.3 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹), along with superior removal efficiencies of 97.0% for MB dye, for 95.0% Ca²⁺, and 90.6% for Mg²⁺. Performance, assessed by flux recovery ratio (FRR) and fouling percentage, showed that the PVA/2AC:1Fe₃O₄ membrane showed the best results, with FRRs of 84.8–89.1% and fouling as low as 10.2%. These result contrast sharply with the pristine MPVA baseline, which exhibited limited porosity (42.1%), low PWF (58.4 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹),) and poor rejection (31.3–45.2%), while suffering from high fouling rates (57.5%–61.6%). The improved performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of the high surface area and ion-exchange capacity of AC and the magnetic, antifouling properties of Fe₃O₄ NPs. The study highlights the potential of this composite membrane as a cost-effective and reusable solution for treating water contaminated with organic dyes and Ca and Mg ions.