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<p>The photocatalytic reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> into value-added chemicals is a promising approach for mitigating climate change and supporting sustainable energy production. This review critically explores the rational design principles of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and their hybrid MOF–COF systems for sustainable CO<sub>2</sub> reduction. These porous materials have emerged as leading photocatalysts due to their tunable structures, high surface areas, and catalytic versatility. The discussion integrates structural design, electronic modulation, and hybridization strategies to enhance charge separation, light harvesting, and reaction selectivity. Mechanistic insights are provided into how band engineering, heterojunction construction, and interfacial charge transfer govern photocatalytic efficiency. Furthermore, the review highlights the synergistic potential of MOF–COF hybrids, which combine the metal-center activity of MOFs with the stability and π-conjugation of COFs, achieving improved durability and product selectivity. A comparative assessment emphasizes both progress and challenges, including issues of scalability, cost, and long-term stability. The review concludes that rationally engineered MOF-, COF-, and MOF–COF-based systems represent a promising pathway toward scalable and sustainable photocatalytic CO<sub>2</sub> conversion technologies.</p>

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Rational Design of MOF-, COF-, and MOF–COF-Based Photocatalysts for Sustainable CO2 Reduction: A Critical Comparative Review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月20日

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  • Anjan Kumar,
  • Mohammad Abu Shuheil,
  • M. M. Rekha,
  • Shaker Al-Hasnaawei,
  • Subhashree Ray,
  • Amrita Pal,
  • Renu Sharma,
  • Ashish Singh Chauhan,
  • M. Dehghanipour

摘要

The photocatalytic reduction of CO2 into value-added chemicals is a promising approach for mitigating climate change and supporting sustainable energy production. This review critically explores the rational design principles of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and their hybrid MOF–COF systems for sustainable CO2 reduction. These porous materials have emerged as leading photocatalysts due to their tunable structures, high surface areas, and catalytic versatility. The discussion integrates structural design, electronic modulation, and hybridization strategies to enhance charge separation, light harvesting, and reaction selectivity. Mechanistic insights are provided into how band engineering, heterojunction construction, and interfacial charge transfer govern photocatalytic efficiency. Furthermore, the review highlights the synergistic potential of MOF–COF hybrids, which combine the metal-center activity of MOFs with the stability and π-conjugation of COFs, achieving improved durability and product selectivity. A comparative assessment emphasizes both progress and challenges, including issues of scalability, cost, and long-term stability. The review concludes that rationally engineered MOF-, COF-, and MOF–COF-based systems represent a promising pathway toward scalable and sustainable photocatalytic CO2 conversion technologies.