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<p>The main obstacle in adopting thermoelectric generators (TEGs) for self-powered electronics is complex fabrication, interfacial losses, and limited power at low temperature differences. These challenges can be addressed by hybrid or composite architectures that enhance charge transport, reduce interfacial resistance, and improve performance under low thermal gradients. In this work, a solution-processed single-pair TEG incorporating an internally bridged MXene-polymer interface architecture is developed, employing low-cost titanium carbide (Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>) MXene as the n-type leg and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) as the p-type leg. A 20:80 wt% Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>-PEDOT: PSS hybrid layer is introduced as a conductive interconnect to facilitate interfacial charge transport and minimize resistance. Structural, chemical, and thermal integrity are verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Under the temperature gradient of 28 ± 2&#xa0;K, the device delivers an open-circuit voltage (V<sub>oc</sub>) of 3.6 ± 0.2 mV and a current of 6.3 ± 0.2 µA, generating a maximum power output of 5.67 nW (corresponding to power density of 5.15 × 10<sup>− 6</sup> W m<sup>− 2</sup>) with an effective Seebeck coefficient of 128 µV K<sup>− 1</sup>. These results highlight the potential of MXene-polymer hybrid interfaces as a scalable strategy for improving interfacial charge transport in flexible thermoelectric generators, enabling efficient conversion of low-grade heat into electricity for self-powered electronic systems.</p>

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Performance Evaluation of MXene-Polymer Thermoelectric Nanogenerator for Low-Grade Heat Conversion

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月11日

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  • A S M Mannafi,
  • Khairul Habib,
  • Syed Awais Ali,
  • M A Zaed,
  • R. Saidur,
  • Kamaruzzaman Sopian

摘要

The main obstacle in adopting thermoelectric generators (TEGs) for self-powered electronics is complex fabrication, interfacial losses, and limited power at low temperature differences. These challenges can be addressed by hybrid or composite architectures that enhance charge transport, reduce interfacial resistance, and improve performance under low thermal gradients. In this work, a solution-processed single-pair TEG incorporating an internally bridged MXene-polymer interface architecture is developed, employing low-cost titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene as the n-type leg and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) as the p-type leg. A 20:80 wt% Ti3C2Tx-PEDOT: PSS hybrid layer is introduced as a conductive interconnect to facilitate interfacial charge transport and minimize resistance. Structural, chemical, and thermal integrity are verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Under the temperature gradient of 28 ± 2 K, the device delivers an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 3.6 ± 0.2 mV and a current of 6.3 ± 0.2 µA, generating a maximum power output of 5.67 nW (corresponding to power density of 5.15 × 10− 6 W m− 2) with an effective Seebeck coefficient of 128 µV K− 1. These results highlight the potential of MXene-polymer hybrid interfaces as a scalable strategy for improving interfacial charge transport in flexible thermoelectric generators, enabling efficient conversion of low-grade heat into electricity for self-powered electronic systems.