<p>The high pseudocapacitance properties of mechanochemically synthesized BaSnF<sub>4</sub> in alkaline aqueous solutions are reported here for the first time. The structural and surface analysis confirms the presence of nanocrystalline tetragonal BaSnF<sub>4</sub> with a minor amount of the cubic phase and a thin surface layer rich in SnO<sub>2</sub>, which promotes higher interfacial reactivity. The electrochemical properties of three electrolytes (NaOH, KOH, and Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) were examined, and for BaSnF<sub>4</sub>, a prominent electrolyte-dependent charge-storage process was demonstrated. For BaSnF<sub>4</sub> in the alkaline solutions, the current response is high, and the specific capacitances reached the highest values of 402&#xa0;F g<sup>−1</sup> (in NaOH) and 350&#xa0;F g<sup>−1</sup> (in KOH) at a scan rate of 2 mV s<sup>−1</sup>. The results from the Trasatti analysis proved the predominant contribution of the Faradic current to the total current in NaOH (83.6%) and in KOH (90.8%), thereby confirming the activation of the redox processes due to the interaction of the BaSnF<sub>4</sub> electrode with the negative species in the KOH solution. The specific charge capacities of the electrode are high, ranging from 24.4 to 26.3 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> at a current density of 0.5 Ag<sup>−1</sup>. The Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution gives a typical EDLC process in the three electrolytes, with low specific capacitances of 19 to 71&#xa0;F g<sup>−1</sup> and specific charge capacities of 2.5 to 3.0 mAh g<sup>−1</sup>, thereby confirming the absence of redox processes. The impedance response further validated the electrolyte dependence, showing the lowest charge-transfer resistance and most favorable phase behavior in NaOH. The electrode exhibits excellent cycling stability, retaining 99% and 86% of its capacitance over 5000 cycles in Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and KOH electrolytes, respectively, whereas noticeable capacitance decay (57% retention) was observed in NaOH electrolyte. Post-cycling SEM and EDS elemental maps reveal particle fragmentation and loss of active material, which explain the capacitance decay. This study establishes BaSnF<sub>4</sub> as a promising fluorine-based pseudocapacitive electrode whose performance is significantly enhanced under strongly alkaline conditions.</p>

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Mechanochemically Synthesized BaSnF4 as a High-Performance Pseudocapacitive Electrode with Strong Electrolyte-Dependent Charge Storage

  • Mohamad M. Ahmad,
  • Nagih M. Shaalan,
  • Yohei Yamane

摘要

The high pseudocapacitance properties of mechanochemically synthesized BaSnF4 in alkaline aqueous solutions are reported here for the first time. The structural and surface analysis confirms the presence of nanocrystalline tetragonal BaSnF4 with a minor amount of the cubic phase and a thin surface layer rich in SnO2, which promotes higher interfacial reactivity. The electrochemical properties of three electrolytes (NaOH, KOH, and Na2SO4) were examined, and for BaSnF4, a prominent electrolyte-dependent charge-storage process was demonstrated. For BaSnF4 in the alkaline solutions, the current response is high, and the specific capacitances reached the highest values of 402 F g−1 (in NaOH) and 350 F g−1 (in KOH) at a scan rate of 2 mV s−1. The results from the Trasatti analysis proved the predominant contribution of the Faradic current to the total current in NaOH (83.6%) and in KOH (90.8%), thereby confirming the activation of the redox processes due to the interaction of the BaSnF4 electrode with the negative species in the KOH solution. The specific charge capacities of the electrode are high, ranging from 24.4 to 26.3 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.5 Ag−1. The Na2SO4 solution gives a typical EDLC process in the three electrolytes, with low specific capacitances of 19 to 71 F g−1 and specific charge capacities of 2.5 to 3.0 mAh g−1, thereby confirming the absence of redox processes. The impedance response further validated the electrolyte dependence, showing the lowest charge-transfer resistance and most favorable phase behavior in NaOH. The electrode exhibits excellent cycling stability, retaining 99% and 86% of its capacitance over 5000 cycles in Na2SO4 and KOH electrolytes, respectively, whereas noticeable capacitance decay (57% retention) was observed in NaOH electrolyte. Post-cycling SEM and EDS elemental maps reveal particle fragmentation and loss of active material, which explain the capacitance decay. This study establishes BaSnF4 as a promising fluorine-based pseudocapacitive electrode whose performance is significantly enhanced under strongly alkaline conditions.