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<p>This study describes the hydrothermal synthesis of iron (Fe-MOF) and tin (Sn-MOF) metal-organic frameworks utilising FeCl<sub>3</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O, SnCl<sub>2</sub>.2H<sub>2</sub>O, and the sulphur-based ligand thiocyanuric acid (C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub>S<sub>3</sub>N<sub>3</sub>). Characterisation with FT-IR, XRD, FESEM, EDX, XPS, and TGA as well as Rietveld refinement, indicated a simple cubic topology, porous morphology, and moderate surface areas suitable for adsorption and catalysis. Fe-MOF catalysed phenol degradation with 80% efficiency at 5&#xa0;mol/L H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Efficiency increased from 78% at 30&#xa0;°C to 92% at 50&#xa0;°C due to improved radical formation and diffusion. Alkaline conditions reduced activity, while acidic conditions (pH 4) favoured decomposition, leaving 15% of phenol after 30&#xa0;min. Increasing the Fe-MOF dosage improved performance, reaching 86% at 0.03&#xa0;g. Sn-MOF strongly adsorbed methylene blue (MB), removing 87% at 30&#xa0;mg. Performance dropped at 40&#xa0;°C, likely due to structural instability or dye desorption, and the ideal contact time was 30&#xa0;min. Sn-MOF kept 45% of its efficiency after four uses, which shows it can be recycled to a moderate extent. The results show that sulphur/nitrogen functionalized MOFs are versatile, with Fe-MOF acting as an effective catalyst for phenol degradation and Sn-MOF working well as an adsorbent for MB removal. This study addresses a gap in earlier research by using a sulphur-based thiocyanuric acid ligand in the hydrothermal synthesis of Fe and Sn-MOFs, exhibited functionality for catalytic phenol degradation and dye adsorption, and comprehensively analysing important operational parameters. These papers new information on MOF design, performance optimisation, and practical application in sustainable wastewater treatment.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Exploring Potential of Hydrothermally Synthesized Iron and Tin Metal-Organic Frameworks for Environmental Remediation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月9日

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  • Neeraj Kumar,
  • Pranshi Verma,
  • Archana Thakur,
  • Neekita Thakur

摘要

This study describes the hydrothermal synthesis of iron (Fe-MOF) and tin (Sn-MOF) metal-organic frameworks utilising FeCl3.6H2O, SnCl2.2H2O, and the sulphur-based ligand thiocyanuric acid (C3H3S3N3). Characterisation with FT-IR, XRD, FESEM, EDX, XPS, and TGA as well as Rietveld refinement, indicated a simple cubic topology, porous morphology, and moderate surface areas suitable for adsorption and catalysis. Fe-MOF catalysed phenol degradation with 80% efficiency at 5 mol/L H2O2. Efficiency increased from 78% at 30 °C to 92% at 50 °C due to improved radical formation and diffusion. Alkaline conditions reduced activity, while acidic conditions (pH 4) favoured decomposition, leaving 15% of phenol after 30 min. Increasing the Fe-MOF dosage improved performance, reaching 86% at 0.03 g. Sn-MOF strongly adsorbed methylene blue (MB), removing 87% at 30 mg. Performance dropped at 40 °C, likely due to structural instability or dye desorption, and the ideal contact time was 30 min. Sn-MOF kept 45% of its efficiency after four uses, which shows it can be recycled to a moderate extent. The results show that sulphur/nitrogen functionalized MOFs are versatile, with Fe-MOF acting as an effective catalyst for phenol degradation and Sn-MOF working well as an adsorbent for MB removal. This study addresses a gap in earlier research by using a sulphur-based thiocyanuric acid ligand in the hydrothermal synthesis of Fe and Sn-MOFs, exhibited functionality for catalytic phenol degradation and dye adsorption, and comprehensively analysing important operational parameters. These papers new information on MOF design, performance optimisation, and practical application in sustainable wastewater treatment.

Graphical Abstract