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<p>This study reports the synthesis and integration of tailored silica-coated iron nanoparticles (FMS-MNPs) into polysulfone (PS) matrices to fabricate high-performance loose nanofiltration (NF) membranes for enhanced dye and divalent salt separation. The FMS-MNPs were synthesized through a multi-step process involving co-precipitation of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, silica coating using TEOS, and surface functionalization with epoxy and aspartic acid groups, yielding core–shell, mesoporous nanoparticles with abundant hydroxyl and carboxyl functionalities. These features facilitated uniform nanoparticle dispersion and strong interfacial compatibility with the PS matrix during membrane fabrication via phase inversion. Morphological analysis revealed a transition from finger-like to sponge-like structures with increasing nanoparticle loading, while XPS confirmed the successful incorporation of Fe and Si elements. The optimized PS/FMS-M-4 membrane exhibited superior surface properties, with a water contact angle of 53°, zeta potential of − 34 mV, and a molecular weight cut-off of ~ 300 Da. Thermal and mechanical analyses indicated improved stability, with the decomposition onset temperature increasing from 455&#xa0;°C (PS) to 474&#xa0;°C and tensile strength reaching 3.61&#xa0;MPa. In separation performance, PS/FMS-M-4 achieved high rejection of Congo Red (~ 98%) and Rose Bengal (~ 62%), moderate rejection of Methylene Blue (~ 38%), and selective ion exclusion (56% for Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and 23% for MgSO<sub>4</sub>). The membranes maintained stable performance in mixed dye–salt systems, confirming robustness against ionic strength variations. Overall, incorporating FMS-MNPs effectively enhanced hydrophilicity, charge density, and structural compactness, making the PS/FMS-M-4 membrane a promising candidate for efficient treatment of dye-laden and saline wastewater.</p>

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Tailored Silica-Coated Iron Nanoparticles Integrated into Loose Nanofiltration Membranes for Enhanced Dye/Divalent Salt Separation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月4日

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  • Arun Kumar Shukla,
  • Khalid M. Alotaibi,
  • Osama Medbas Albaqami,
  • Abdullah Alswieleh

摘要

This study reports the synthesis and integration of tailored silica-coated iron nanoparticles (FMS-MNPs) into polysulfone (PS) matrices to fabricate high-performance loose nanofiltration (NF) membranes for enhanced dye and divalent salt separation. The FMS-MNPs were synthesized through a multi-step process involving co-precipitation of Fe3O4, silica coating using TEOS, and surface functionalization with epoxy and aspartic acid groups, yielding core–shell, mesoporous nanoparticles with abundant hydroxyl and carboxyl functionalities. These features facilitated uniform nanoparticle dispersion and strong interfacial compatibility with the PS matrix during membrane fabrication via phase inversion. Morphological analysis revealed a transition from finger-like to sponge-like structures with increasing nanoparticle loading, while XPS confirmed the successful incorporation of Fe and Si elements. The optimized PS/FMS-M-4 membrane exhibited superior surface properties, with a water contact angle of 53°, zeta potential of − 34 mV, and a molecular weight cut-off of ~ 300 Da. Thermal and mechanical analyses indicated improved stability, with the decomposition onset temperature increasing from 455 °C (PS) to 474 °C and tensile strength reaching 3.61 MPa. In separation performance, PS/FMS-M-4 achieved high rejection of Congo Red (~ 98%) and Rose Bengal (~ 62%), moderate rejection of Methylene Blue (~ 38%), and selective ion exclusion (56% for Na2SO4 and 23% for MgSO4). The membranes maintained stable performance in mixed dye–salt systems, confirming robustness against ionic strength variations. Overall, incorporating FMS-MNPs effectively enhanced hydrophilicity, charge density, and structural compactness, making the PS/FMS-M-4 membrane a promising candidate for efficient treatment of dye-laden and saline wastewater.