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<p>The increasing prevalence of bacterial and fungal infections, along with the widespread discharge of toxic dyes into water, presents a major environmental and health challenge. Conventional antimicrobial and photocatalytic agents often show limited activity, instability, or require harsh conditions. Here, we report the green synthesis of a chitosan–molybdenum oxide nanocomposite (MoCh) and its evaluation as a multifunctional material for water remediation. MoCh was prepared by incorporating ~ 15 wt% of green-synthesized MoO₃ nanoparticles into chitosan. XRD confirmed distinct crystalline phases of both components, with an average MoO₃ crystallite size of 52&#xa0;nm. MoCh exhibited excellent photocatalytic performance under ambient light, achieving ~ 99% degradation of Congo Red dye within 2&#xa0;h, compared to ~ 75% by MoO₃ alone. Antimicrobial studies further revealed superior performance of MoCh. In agar diffusion assays, inhibition zones (mm) were: <i>S. aureus</i> 14.33 ± 0.15, <i>B. subtilis</i> 16.20 ± 0.16, <i>S. pyogenes</i> 16.37 ± 0.15, <i>E. coli</i> 12.13 ± 0.15. <i>marcescens</i> 13.27 ± 0.10, and <i>P. mirabilis</i> 14.20 ± 0.10. These values exceeded MoO₃ (11–14&#xa0;mm), negative control (no inhibition), and were comparable to positive controls (20–25&#xa0;mm). Against fungi, MoCh achieved 24 ± 1.6&#xa0;mm (<i>A. niger</i>) and 14 ± 0.9&#xa0;mm (<i>C. albicans</i>), doubling the activity of MoO₃. Overall, MoCh is a stable, eco-friendly, and highly effective material with dual antimicrobial and photocatalytic functionality.</p>

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Green Synthesis of Multi-functional Chitosan-Matrixed Molybdenum Oxide Nanocomposite Material Using Citrus sinensis (Orange) Extract: Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月17日

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  • Joyal Mary,
  • S. Vidya,
  • Remya Babu,
  • Shiburaj Sugathan

摘要

The increasing prevalence of bacterial and fungal infections, along with the widespread discharge of toxic dyes into water, presents a major environmental and health challenge. Conventional antimicrobial and photocatalytic agents often show limited activity, instability, or require harsh conditions. Here, we report the green synthesis of a chitosan–molybdenum oxide nanocomposite (MoCh) and its evaluation as a multifunctional material for water remediation. MoCh was prepared by incorporating ~ 15 wt% of green-synthesized MoO₃ nanoparticles into chitosan. XRD confirmed distinct crystalline phases of both components, with an average MoO₃ crystallite size of 52 nm. MoCh exhibited excellent photocatalytic performance under ambient light, achieving ~ 99% degradation of Congo Red dye within 2 h, compared to ~ 75% by MoO₃ alone. Antimicrobial studies further revealed superior performance of MoCh. In agar diffusion assays, inhibition zones (mm) were: S. aureus 14.33 ± 0.15, B. subtilis 16.20 ± 0.16, S. pyogenes 16.37 ± 0.15, E. coli 12.13 ± 0.15. marcescens 13.27 ± 0.10, and P. mirabilis 14.20 ± 0.10. These values exceeded MoO₃ (11–14 mm), negative control (no inhibition), and were comparable to positive controls (20–25 mm). Against fungi, MoCh achieved 24 ± 1.6 mm (A. niger) and 14 ± 0.9 mm (C. albicans), doubling the activity of MoO₃. Overall, MoCh is a stable, eco-friendly, and highly effective material with dual antimicrobial and photocatalytic functionality.