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<p>This study presents a sustainable strategy for enhancing electrochemical sensors by developing a hybrid nanocomposite of zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs) and carbon dots (C-dots) synthesized from palm kernel shell biomass via a facile microwave-assisted method. Comprehensive characterization confirmed the successful formation of C-dots@ZnO nanocomposites with an average particle size of 84.0&#xa0;nm and the presence of functional groups critical for electrocatalytic activity. When employed as a modifier for a graphene-based electrode, the nanocomposite demonstrated exceptional electrochemical performance in the Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub><sup>3−/4−</sup> redox system. The optimal formulation (0.03&#xa0;g C-dots@ZnO NRs / 0.7&#xa0;g graphene) yielded a significant enhancement, with peak currents of 225.2 µA (I<i>p</i><sub><i>a</i></sub>) and − 227.3 µA (I<i>p</i><sub><i>c</i></sub>) at a scan rate of 0.020&#xa0;V/s, and an electroactive surface area of 0.023&#xa0;cm<sup>2</sup>, representing a 2.2-fold improvement over the unmodified electrode. The kinetics were governed by a diffusion-controlled process. The enhancement is attributed to the synergistic effect between the conductive C-dots, semiconducting ZnO, and graphene support. This work underscores the potential of biomass-derived nanocomposites for designing efficient, environmentally sustainable platforms for electrochemical sensing applications.</p>

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Synergistic Effect of Palm Kernel Shell-Derived Carbon Dots and ZnO Nanorods Towards Enhanced Graphene Electrode for Sensitive Electrochemical Detection

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月1日

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  • La Ode Agus Salim,
  • Paulina Taba,
  • Muhammad Zakir,
  • Muhammad Nurdin,
  • Abdul Wahid Wahab,
  • Dahlang Tahir,
  • St. Fauziah,
  • Akrajas Ali Umar

摘要

This study presents a sustainable strategy for enhancing electrochemical sensors by developing a hybrid nanocomposite of zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs) and carbon dots (C-dots) synthesized from palm kernel shell biomass via a facile microwave-assisted method. Comprehensive characterization confirmed the successful formation of C-dots@ZnO nanocomposites with an average particle size of 84.0 nm and the presence of functional groups critical for electrocatalytic activity. When employed as a modifier for a graphene-based electrode, the nanocomposite demonstrated exceptional electrochemical performance in the Fe(CN)63−/4− redox system. The optimal formulation (0.03 g C-dots@ZnO NRs / 0.7 g graphene) yielded a significant enhancement, with peak currents of 225.2 µA (Ipa) and − 227.3 µA (Ipc) at a scan rate of 0.020 V/s, and an electroactive surface area of 0.023 cm2, representing a 2.2-fold improvement over the unmodified electrode. The kinetics were governed by a diffusion-controlled process. The enhancement is attributed to the synergistic effect between the conductive C-dots, semiconducting ZnO, and graphene support. This work underscores the potential of biomass-derived nanocomposites for designing efficient, environmentally sustainable platforms for electrochemical sensing applications.