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<p><i>Moringa oleifera</i>, a rich and sustainable biomass, was exploited to derive multi-element doped carbon electrodes through a one-pot carbonization process without chemical activation. This approach preserved natural dopants (Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Cu), potentially enhancing the electrochemical characteristics. XPS analysis confirmed the incorporation of these heteroatoms into the carbon matrix as stable functional species, such as sulfates, phosphates, and oxides, contributing to pseudocapacitive behavior and improved wettability. XRD analysis revealed the formation of crystalline inorganic phases, with crystallite sizes around 24–26&#xa0;nm. These phases were further visualized by HRTEM, which showed well-defined lattice fringes matching the XRD identification, confirming the crystalline nature and phase consistency. The electrochemical analyses established 700&#xa0;°C as the optimal carbonization temperature. This provided a highly porous architecture and a dominant capacitive charge storage mechanism verified by Dunn’s method (~ 75% capacitive contribution). The resulting electrode delivered an areal capacitance of 178 mF/cm² at 5 mV/s in a symmetric two-electrode system and retained 80% capacity after 5,000 cycles. Post-cycling TEM analysis revealed the emergence of new agglomerates (217–274&#xa0;nm), while fine particles (~ 10–20&#xa0;nm) remained intact with preserved lattice structures, suggesting that agglomeration may be a primary factor in the observed 20% degradation. This work demonstrates a sustainable pathway to fabricate high-performance supercapacitors, advancing biomass-derived energy storage materials by elucidating the role of intrinsic elemental composition, phase crystallinity, and morphological evolution during long-term cycling.</p>

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Multi-element Doped Carbon from Moringa oleifera: High-Performance Symmetric Supercapacitors with Capacitive-Dominated Storage

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月16日

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  • Nagih M. Shaalan,
  • Abdullah Aljaafari,
  • Alaa M. Abdelraheem,
  • Dalia Hamad

摘要

Moringa oleifera, a rich and sustainable biomass, was exploited to derive multi-element doped carbon electrodes through a one-pot carbonization process without chemical activation. This approach preserved natural dopants (Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Cu), potentially enhancing the electrochemical characteristics. XPS analysis confirmed the incorporation of these heteroatoms into the carbon matrix as stable functional species, such as sulfates, phosphates, and oxides, contributing to pseudocapacitive behavior and improved wettability. XRD analysis revealed the formation of crystalline inorganic phases, with crystallite sizes around 24–26 nm. These phases were further visualized by HRTEM, which showed well-defined lattice fringes matching the XRD identification, confirming the crystalline nature and phase consistency. The electrochemical analyses established 700 °C as the optimal carbonization temperature. This provided a highly porous architecture and a dominant capacitive charge storage mechanism verified by Dunn’s method (~ 75% capacitive contribution). The resulting electrode delivered an areal capacitance of 178 mF/cm² at 5 mV/s in a symmetric two-electrode system and retained 80% capacity after 5,000 cycles. Post-cycling TEM analysis revealed the emergence of new agglomerates (217–274 nm), while fine particles (~ 10–20 nm) remained intact with preserved lattice structures, suggesting that agglomeration may be a primary factor in the observed 20% degradation. This work demonstrates a sustainable pathway to fabricate high-performance supercapacitors, advancing biomass-derived energy storage materials by elucidating the role of intrinsic elemental composition, phase crystallinity, and morphological evolution during long-term cycling.