<p>The article substantiates the fundamental possibility of involving overburden rocks in the compositions of organo-inorganic composite materials with specified properties and establishes the role of cryogenic treatment in the formation of their structure. The specific effective activity of natural radionuclides (²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K) in overburden rock samples was 97–125&#xa0;Bq/kg, which meets regulatory requirements and allows using the studied mineral raw materials in the construction industry without restrictions. Using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry, infrared spectroscopy, powder diffraction, atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma, scanning electron microscopy, the composition, properties and structural features of overburden rocks were established to substantiate their participation in the processes of formation of the structure of composite materials. Cryogenic treatment allows to obtain water-impermeable composites with compressive strength of 6.2–6.7&#xa0;MPa and thermal conductivity of 0.19–0.20 W/(m K), which allows their use in difficult climatic, engineering-geological and geotechnical conditions during design, construction and reconstruction of engineering structures. Structuring of composite materials occurs due to the restructuring of hydrate shells and the formation of organomineral complexes due to intercalation, stratification and adsorption of high-molecular substances on the surface of mineral particles. Cryogenic treatment promotes structuring and strengthening of the polymer phase due to the formation of additional nodes of the supramolecular network, ordering of crystallinity zones and the emergence of compacted areas in the structure. Computer X-ray microtomography data indicate a change in the spatial geometry of the pore space during cryostructuring, which contributes to an increase in pore volume by 1.4–1.7 times and determines the thermophysical properties of the composites.</p>