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<p>The charge separation efficiency of a photocatalyst plays a pivotal role in the effective removal of organic pollutants from wastewater. In this study, a ternary photocatalyst, BaTiO<sub>3</sub>/NiO/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> (BNG), was developed by depositing g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> (GCN) onto a BaTiO<sub>3</sub>/NiO binary system using a simple calcination method to enhance the charge separation and transfer via a dual Z-scheme mechanism. The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analyses demonstrated the successful formation of the ternary composite. The photodegradation performance was evaluated using methyl orange (MO) and tetracycline (TC) under UV irradiation. The BNG composite containing 30 wt% GCN (BNG-30) exhibited superior photodegradation efficiencies of 90.8% for MO and 78.2% for TC, which were 5.24 and 1.57 times higher than those pristine BaTiO<sub>3</sub> (BTO), and 3.5 and 1.84 times greater than the binary composite, respectively. The corresponding rate constant for MO and TC were 0.1302 and 0.01507&#xa0;min<sup>− 1</sup>, respectively. The improved photocatalytic performance is attributed to the synergistic interaction within the ternary system, which enhances interfacial charge separation through the dual Z-scheme. Scavenger experiments revealed that superoxides (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{\cdot\:\text{O}}_{2}^{-}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) and hydroxyl radicals (<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:\cdot\:\text{O}\text{H}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) as the dominant reactive species in the photodegradation process. Furthermore, BNG-30 demonstrated excellent stability and recyclability, maintaining its activity over four consecutive cycles. These results highlight the strong potential of BNG ternary photocatalyst for the efficient removal of organic pollutants from wastewater, due to its enhanced charge separation, high degradation efficiency and excellent long-term stability.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Fabrication of Ternary BaTiO3/NiO/g-C3N4 Nanocomposite with Superior Charge Separation for Methyl Orange and Tetracycline Degradation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月28日

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  • G. Swarupa,
  • K. Govinda Rao,
  • J. Ramchander,
  • G. Upender,
  • B. Vijaya Kumar

摘要

The charge separation efficiency of a photocatalyst plays a pivotal role in the effective removal of organic pollutants from wastewater. In this study, a ternary photocatalyst, BaTiO3/NiO/g-C3N4 (BNG), was developed by depositing g-C3N4 (GCN) onto a BaTiO3/NiO binary system using a simple calcination method to enhance the charge separation and transfer via a dual Z-scheme mechanism. The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analyses demonstrated the successful formation of the ternary composite. The photodegradation performance was evaluated using methyl orange (MO) and tetracycline (TC) under UV irradiation. The BNG composite containing 30 wt% GCN (BNG-30) exhibited superior photodegradation efficiencies of 90.8% for MO and 78.2% for TC, which were 5.24 and 1.57 times higher than those pristine BaTiO3 (BTO), and 3.5 and 1.84 times greater than the binary composite, respectively. The corresponding rate constant for MO and TC were 0.1302 and 0.01507 min− 1, respectively. The improved photocatalytic performance is attributed to the synergistic interaction within the ternary system, which enhances interfacial charge separation through the dual Z-scheme. Scavenger experiments revealed that superoxides ( \(\:{\cdot\:\text{O}}_{2}^{-}\) ) and hydroxyl radicals ( \(\:\cdot\:\text{O}\text{H}\) ) as the dominant reactive species in the photodegradation process. Furthermore, BNG-30 demonstrated excellent stability and recyclability, maintaining its activity over four consecutive cycles. These results highlight the strong potential of BNG ternary photocatalyst for the efficient removal of organic pollutants from wastewater, due to its enhanced charge separation, high degradation efficiency and excellent long-term stability.

Graphical Abstract