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<p>The development of efficient and environmentally sustainable fertilizers is critical to addressing nutrient losses and enhancing crop productivity. On aiming to improve nutrient use efficiency and to reduce overuse of fertilizer, a novel slow-release nanohybrid fertilizer (NHF) incorporated with essential macro- (N, P, K) and micronutrients (Fe, Mg) was synthesized using chitosan nanoparticles (CNP) via polyelectrolyte complexation with poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA). Structural characterization of the formulation showed well-dispersed spherical (from Scanning electron microscope images) nanoparticles with an average size of 135.7&#xa0;nm (from Particle size analyzer and transmission electron microscope images) and a high zeta potential of + 46 mV, indicating excellent colloidal stability. The molecular docking studies of the formulation showed that the ionic interaction between the protonated amino groups of chitosan and the negatively charged phosphate, nitrate, and metal ions facilitated stable nutrient binding. Also docking simulations revealed strong binding affinities (− 6.2 to − 7.4&#xa0;kcal/mol) between chitosan and nutrient ions, indicating thermodynamically favorable and structurally compatible interactions. FTIR results showed that characteristic peak of 1636.30&#xa0;cm<sup>−1</sup>, 3336.24&#xa0;cm<sup>−1</sup>, 1161.90&#xa0;cm<sup>−1</sup>, 1352.81&#xa0;cm<sup>−1</sup>, 1632.44, and 1464.67&#xa0;cm<sup>−1</sup> which corresponding to chitosan, urea, mono ammonium phosphate, potassium nitrate, EDTA Fe and magnesium sulphate respectively. The nutrient content of the formulation by ICP-MS analysis quantified showed the presence of 4.37% P, 4.70% K, 0.025% Fe, 0.27% Mg. While the nitrogen was assessed to be 5.27% using micro kjeldahl method. Nutrient release kinetics study using a soil-based percolation reactor showed the formulation followed the second-order kinetic model (R<sup>2</sup> values: 0.95–0.98) in nutrient release for all the nutrients, due to its concentration-dependent release behavior and interaction of nutrients with soil matrix components. The NHF formulation sustained nutrient release for over 30 days, in contrast to the rapid depletion (7–10 days) observed with conventional fertilizers. This study underscores the effectiveness of chitosan-based nanohybrids as a controlled-release platform for integrated nutrient delivery. The prolonged nutrient availability, coupled with reduced leaching and runoff, demonstrates the potential of NHFs to improve fertilizer use efficiency and support sustainable agricultural practices.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Design and Characterization of a Chitosan-Based Nanohybrid Fertilizer: Molecular Insights and Nutrient Release Kinetics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月15日

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  • Cheran Easwaran,
  • Sharmila Rahale Christopher,
  • Rohith Ramasamy,
  • Rajadurai Vijay Solomon,
  • Madhan Kumar,
  • Prasanthrajan Mohan,
  • Raju Marimuthu,
  • Vanitha Koothan,
  • Saranya Nallusamy

摘要

The development of efficient and environmentally sustainable fertilizers is critical to addressing nutrient losses and enhancing crop productivity. On aiming to improve nutrient use efficiency and to reduce overuse of fertilizer, a novel slow-release nanohybrid fertilizer (NHF) incorporated with essential macro- (N, P, K) and micronutrients (Fe, Mg) was synthesized using chitosan nanoparticles (CNP) via polyelectrolyte complexation with poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA). Structural characterization of the formulation showed well-dispersed spherical (from Scanning electron microscope images) nanoparticles with an average size of 135.7 nm (from Particle size analyzer and transmission electron microscope images) and a high zeta potential of + 46 mV, indicating excellent colloidal stability. The molecular docking studies of the formulation showed that the ionic interaction between the protonated amino groups of chitosan and the negatively charged phosphate, nitrate, and metal ions facilitated stable nutrient binding. Also docking simulations revealed strong binding affinities (− 6.2 to − 7.4 kcal/mol) between chitosan and nutrient ions, indicating thermodynamically favorable and structurally compatible interactions. FTIR results showed that characteristic peak of 1636.30 cm−1, 3336.24 cm−1, 1161.90 cm−1, 1352.81 cm−1, 1632.44, and 1464.67 cm−1 which corresponding to chitosan, urea, mono ammonium phosphate, potassium nitrate, EDTA Fe and magnesium sulphate respectively. The nutrient content of the formulation by ICP-MS analysis quantified showed the presence of 4.37% P, 4.70% K, 0.025% Fe, 0.27% Mg. While the nitrogen was assessed to be 5.27% using micro kjeldahl method. Nutrient release kinetics study using a soil-based percolation reactor showed the formulation followed the second-order kinetic model (R2 values: 0.95–0.98) in nutrient release for all the nutrients, due to its concentration-dependent release behavior and interaction of nutrients with soil matrix components. The NHF formulation sustained nutrient release for over 30 days, in contrast to the rapid depletion (7–10 days) observed with conventional fertilizers. This study underscores the effectiveness of chitosan-based nanohybrids as a controlled-release platform for integrated nutrient delivery. The prolonged nutrient availability, coupled with reduced leaching and runoff, demonstrates the potential of NHFs to improve fertilizer use efficiency and support sustainable agricultural practices.

Graphical Abstract