Pressure-Influenced Comparative Investigation of Electronic, Optical, Structural, and Mechanical Properties of Non-toxic Halide Perovskites FrCaX3 (X = Cl, Br, and I): A First-Principles Investigation for Advanced Optoelectronic Applications
摘要
The investigation of promising halide perovskites FrCaX3 (Here X = Cl, Br, and I) was conducted utilizing the CASTEP code using GGA-PBE functional based on first principles DFT under varying hydrostatic pressure up to 200 GPa. Due to rising pressure, the lattice parameter of all three perovskites decreased due to the reduction in interatomic distances. FrCaX3 demonstrated an indirect band gap when no external pressure was applied. Upon raising the pressure from 40 to 200 GPa, a direct band transition was observed, presenting potential benefits for solar or optoelectronic applications. The charge spilling parameter for FrCaBr3 is lower than that of FrCaI3 and FrCaCl3 at hydrostatic pressure, indicating a strong electronic bond and all the perovskite materials show ionic bonding. As the pressure increases the covalence also increases as derived from Charge Density analysis or as known from the effective valence obtained from population analysis. It has been found that FrCaX3 contains ionic as well as covalent character or bonding. Because of its greater absorption coefficient and low reflectance, it is fitting for UV and optoelectronic applications. The highest amount of energy loss occurs at ~ 35 eV where reflectivity decreases drastically. The compounds have been shown to exhibit stability and ductility based on their elastic constants from 0 to 200 GPa pressure conditions. FrCaI3 shows higher shear stiffness under hydrostatic pressure. The fracture resistance exhibited by FrCaI3 is higher than that of FrCaBr3 and FrCaCl3. FrCaCl3 exhibits superior machinability though FrCaBr3 and FrCaI3 also show good machinability. FrCaI3 exhibits a greater degree of anisotropy. FrCaCl3 exhibits a higher sound velocity because of the lower density at zero and under applied pressure conditions. FrCaCl3 will conduct electricity more efficiently because of its higher Debye temperature. FrCaCl3 exhibits a higher melting temperature.