Investigation of pH and Temperature Changes on the Biomimetic Synthesis of Iron Oxide Magnetic Nanoparticles from the Bacterial Source of Bacillus Megatrium

Biomimetic synthesis of nanoparticles leverages natural patterns, simplifying the process and reducing costs by minimizing the need for complex technologies and expensive tools. This method allows for the optimization of key components to produce nanoparticles with desirable properties while ensuring biocompatibility and low toxicity. As a result, researchers are increasingly recognizing the value of utilizing natural models for diverse applications, leading to significant advancements in nanoparticle synthesis that align with safety and environmental standards. This research focuses on optimizing pH and temperature conditions to enhance the crystallization of Bacillus megatrium, resulting in the production of smaller, more stable magnetic nanoparticles. The study investigates a temperature range of 4 to 70 degrees Celsius and pH levels between 3 and 13, utilizing an 80 mM concentration of mineral salts in a 2:1 ratio for synthesizing iron oxide nanoparticles. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of the synthesized nanoparticles was assessed on MCF7, PC12, and SH-SHY5Y cell lines, demonstrating their potential biocompatibility. Characterization by visible-ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV-VIS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), imaging with field emission scanning microscope (FESEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), dynamic optical scattering (DLS, determination The particle charge measurement (Zeta Potential) was performed on the final samples. The samples synthesized at 37℃ and pH = 7 and the samples synthesized at 4℃ and pH = 6 among the samples synthesized at temperatures and Other pHs had more synthesized nanoparticles with higher peak height and minimum broadening in visible-ultraviolet (UV-Vis) spectroscopic characterizations, and it showed that the nanoparticles synthesized at temperature 37 and pH = 6 have a perfect shape Spherical and 15 nm in size, positive charge and dynamic dispersion with PDI index of 0.063 and favorable magnetization. Moreover, the MTT assay demonstrated that Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (MIONPs), at a concentration of 5%, exhibit a minimal cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells. At a concentration of 15%, they similarly display a negligible cytotoxic effect on SHY5Y and PC-12 cells. The results of this study are reproducible. Optimized iron oxide biomimetic nanoparticles with minimal cytotoxicity along with magnetic and antibacterial properties can be widely used as nanocarriers in imaging methods as well as medical diagnosis and treatment.