Identification of Bio-Active Compounds and Biochemical Characterization of Green Synthesized of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) against Selected Uropathogenic Antimicrobial Activity

This study focuses on enhancing the biological activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized through environmentally friendly methods. It emphasizes the importance of such approaches in nanoparticle synthesis, particularly for their potential antimicrobial applications. The research specifically investigates AgNPs synthesized from Pedalium murex ethanolic leaf extract. Extensive characterization techniques are employed to analyze the properties of the synthesized (AgNPs). The results reveal high physicochemical parameters of the ethanolic extract, with significant total phenol content (TPC) observed. GC‒MS analysis identifies 20 bioactive compounds, including phenol and 3,5-bis (1,1-dimethyl ethyl), which exhibit biological activity against antibacterial agents. These techniques include Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV‒Vis). The synthesis of PM-AgNPs is confirmed through UV absorption, displaying a distinct band at 437 nm indicative of surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) identifies active functional groups present in active compounds, such as alcohol or polysaccharide O-H at 3394 cm^-1. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) demonstrates nanoscale dimensions of the AgNPs. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) shows spherical nanoparticles synthesized at 11 nm, while Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) reveals both spherical and rectangular shapes (20–50 nm). X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirm the face-centered cubic (FCC) structure of the synthesized AgNPs. Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analysis indicates thermally stable and pure crystallites. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analysis underscores a well-defined nanostructure. In antimicrobial testing, the synthesized nanoparticles exhibit significant activity against Staphylococcus aureus (18.0 ± 0.05 mm) and antifungal activity against Fusarium graminearum (11.0 ± 0.01 mm) at a concentration of 80 µg/mL. This research highlights the potential of PM-AgNPs as potent antimicrobial agents with promising applications in pharmaceuticals.