Environmentally Sustainable Techniques for rGO Synthesis: Focus on Spun Calcination and Clean Technology Advances

Recent advances in clean technologies have led to the development of environmentally sustainable methods for synthesizing reduced graphene oxide (rGO), a material crucial for several applications. This review explores various eco-friendly approaches, such as electrochemical, photochemical, photothermal, laser, and hydrothermal reduction, along with the innovative spun calcination method. Unlike conventional methods, which often use toxic chemicals and require high energy, these green methods reduce environmental impact while enhancing scalability and material properties. We particularly highlight the spun calcination method, which employs electrospinning, for its ability to produce high-purity rGO with minimal defects and waste. We also discuss the optimization of rGO synthesis through the use of different polymer precursors such as polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polyvinyldene fluoride (PVDF). This review aims to guide future research toward more efficient, scalable, and sustainable rGO production, supporting broader advancements in green nanotechnology.