Synergistic Electrochemical Performance of PANI and Fullerene (C60) Based Novel Composites with Halide Perovskites (CsInCl₃) for Advanced Supercapacitors Electrodes

Development of efficient electrodes for supercapacitor remains a key challenge. Besides energy conversion, halide perovskites gained substantial focus for energy storage applications, thanks to their excellent redox properties and flexible chemistry. Here, PANI and fullerene (C60) successfully incorporated with halide perovskite materials (CsInCl₃) by employing facile sol-gel auto-combustion method. The physico-chemical properties were thoroughly examined using XRD, FE-SEM, EDX, CV, GCD, and EIS techniques. XRD confirmed the tetragonal phase, while FE-SEM coupled with EDX revealed porous type morphology and confirmed the presence of the elements Cs, In, Cl, and C. From electrochemical analysis, cyclic voltammetry (CV) confirmed the pseudo-capacitive character of the PANI-based electrode. Galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) exhibited outstanding specific capacitance (1835.3 F/g), power density (1470.8 W/Kg), and energy density (68.7 Wh/Kg) at current density of 0.5 A/g in 1 M KOH. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed small semi-circle of PANI-based electrode showing low charge transfer resistance (Rct) and solution resistance (Rs) at the electrode-electrolyte interface. Moreover, the PANI-based electrode demonstrated exemplary cyclic stability, retains approximately 91.2% of its original capacitance after 4000th charge-discharge cycles. Above findings proposed the synergy impact of PANI-based (CsInCl₃/PANI) composite electrodes are highly efficient for supercapacitor electrodes because of large porosity and efficient/smooth transportation of ions at the electrode-electrolyte interface.