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<p>Residential building energy retrofits (RBER) are a key pathway to improving dwelling energy performance; yet, residents’ appraisals of retrofit remain under-measured. This study develops and validates the Residential Building Energy Retrofit Cognition Scale (RBERCS), a multidimensional instrument that captures residents’ cognition: integrated reflections and judgements about RBER. Guided by content–criteria mapping and Diffusion of Innovation (DoI) evaluative lenses, we generated items, revised them through expert review and cognitive pretesting, and purified the pool via exploratory factor analysis. The final scale comprises 18 items across five content domains: Resident Personal Status, Pre-retrofit Building Status, Retrofit Measure Performance, Retrofit Social Norms, and Retrofit Governance Mechanisms. Confirmatory factor analysis supports the proposed five-factor structure; reliability and construct validity are evidenced by satisfactory internal consistency, composite reliability, average variance extracted, and Fornell–Larcker discriminant tests. Nomological validity is supported by positive associations between the five cognition domains and attitudes toward RBER. The RBERCS offers a concise, psychometrically supported tool for profiling retrofit-related cognition among homeowners and other residential decision-makers who can provide appraisals based on available knowledge, experience, or information, informing market segmentation, programme design, and policy evaluation, and supporting research on cognition–attitude–behaviour pathways. Directions for cross-cultural revalidation, longitudinal testing, and scale refinement are outlined.</p>

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Measuring residents’ cognition of residential energy retrofits: scale development and validation

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月4日

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  • Zan Pang,
  • Noor Hashimah Hashim Lim,
  • Peter Aning Tedong

摘要

Residential building energy retrofits (RBER) are a key pathway to improving dwelling energy performance; yet, residents’ appraisals of retrofit remain under-measured. This study develops and validates the Residential Building Energy Retrofit Cognition Scale (RBERCS), a multidimensional instrument that captures residents’ cognition: integrated reflections and judgements about RBER. Guided by content–criteria mapping and Diffusion of Innovation (DoI) evaluative lenses, we generated items, revised them through expert review and cognitive pretesting, and purified the pool via exploratory factor analysis. The final scale comprises 18 items across five content domains: Resident Personal Status, Pre-retrofit Building Status, Retrofit Measure Performance, Retrofit Social Norms, and Retrofit Governance Mechanisms. Confirmatory factor analysis supports the proposed five-factor structure; reliability and construct validity are evidenced by satisfactory internal consistency, composite reliability, average variance extracted, and Fornell–Larcker discriminant tests. Nomological validity is supported by positive associations between the five cognition domains and attitudes toward RBER. The RBERCS offers a concise, psychometrically supported tool for profiling retrofit-related cognition among homeowners and other residential decision-makers who can provide appraisals based on available knowledge, experience, or information, informing market segmentation, programme design, and policy evaluation, and supporting research on cognition–attitude–behaviour pathways. Directions for cross-cultural revalidation, longitudinal testing, and scale refinement are outlined.