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<p>Courtyards serve as vital transitional spaces that connect indoor and outdoor environments, enhancing residential quality through a blend of functionality, environmental comfort, and aesthetic appeal. Despite their architectural and social significance, the design of courtyards within residential complexes remains underexplored in the housing and built environment literature. This study addresses this gap by identifying the key factors that influence courtyard effectiveness in promoting well-being and spatial quality. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research integrates literature review, case studies, and expert interviews, followed by quantitative analysis of survey data from 200 housing professionals. Exploratory Factor Analysis, supported by the R method, was employed to reveal the underlying dimensions influencing courtyard design. The analysis identified six critical factors: environmental comfort, spatial arrangement, relaxation, functionality, safety, and structure. These findings offer a multidimensional framework for residential courtyard design that aligns with sustainable development objectives and supports physical, behavioral, and psychological well-being. The study contributes actionable insights for housing policy, urban planning, and architectural practice, emphasizing the need to integrate courtyard principles into regulatory frameworks, design standards, and planning strategies to enhance livability and social resilience in residential environments.</p>

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Designing residential courtyards in the built environment: key factors shaping well-being and open space quality

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月4日

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  • Seyedeh Ashraf Sadat,
  • Mohammad Sadegh Taher Tolou Del,
  • Sina Kamali Tabrizi

摘要

Courtyards serve as vital transitional spaces that connect indoor and outdoor environments, enhancing residential quality through a blend of functionality, environmental comfort, and aesthetic appeal. Despite their architectural and social significance, the design of courtyards within residential complexes remains underexplored in the housing and built environment literature. This study addresses this gap by identifying the key factors that influence courtyard effectiveness in promoting well-being and spatial quality. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research integrates literature review, case studies, and expert interviews, followed by quantitative analysis of survey data from 200 housing professionals. Exploratory Factor Analysis, supported by the R method, was employed to reveal the underlying dimensions influencing courtyard design. The analysis identified six critical factors: environmental comfort, spatial arrangement, relaxation, functionality, safety, and structure. These findings offer a multidimensional framework for residential courtyard design that aligns with sustainable development objectives and supports physical, behavioral, and psychological well-being. The study contributes actionable insights for housing policy, urban planning, and architectural practice, emphasizing the need to integrate courtyard principles into regulatory frameworks, design standards, and planning strategies to enhance livability and social resilience in residential environments.