<p>1-Hydroxypyrene (1-HP) is the final metabolite of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the human body, and Fe³⁺ is an important trace element for human growth and metabolism. When 1-HP or Fe³⁺ is detected in human urine, it indicates that there is a problem with the human health condition. The detection of 1-HP and Fe³⁺ in urine can reflect the health status of the human body. In this work, Eu(III) complexes coated silane coupling agent (WD-53) modified spherical SiO₂ core-shell composite material (SiO₂-WD-53@L-Eu) was prepared and used as the fluorescent probe for detecting 1-HP and Fe³⁺. The fluorescence intensity of SiO₂-WD-53@L-Eu with the same mass concentration is 1.37 times that of L-Eu, while the content of Eu³⁺ in SiO₂-WD-53@L-Eu is only about one-third of L-Eu. Moreover, the dispersion stability of SiO₂-WD-53@L-Eu in solvents is much higher than that of L-Eu. Furthermore, SiO₂-WD-53@L-Eu exhibits the sensitive response to 1-HP and Fe³⁺ without interference from inorganic salts, urea, glucose and other components. The fluorescence quenching constants for detecting 1-HP and Fe³⁺ are 9.62 × 10⁵ M^− 1 and 5.29 × 10³ M^− 1, respectively, and the limits of detection are 5.93 × 10^− 6 M and 1.08 × 10^− 3 M, respectively. We further employed the SiO₂-WD-53@L-Eu composite material within a Tris-HCl buffer to detect 1-HP and Fe³⁺, respectively, and obtained Stern-Volmer quenching constants (K_sv) of 3.662 × 10⁵ M^− 1 and 1.957 × 10³ M^− 1. Compared to L-Eu, composite material SiO₂-WD-53@L-Eu has higher fluorescence efficiency, better dispersion stability and chemical stability. Therefore, SiO₂-WD-53@L-Eu is considered a promising material for detecting 1-HP and Fe³⁺ in urine.</p>