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<p>Mercury (Hg<sup>2</sup>⁺) contamination in water poses severe environmental and health risks due to its extreme toxicity and bioaccumulation potential. Herein, we report a sulfur doped activated carbon derived from banana stem (BS-AC (400)), synthesized via H₂SO₄ activation and low-temperature annealing under N₂, as a low-cost yet highly efficient fluorescent probe for Hg<sup>2</sup>⁺ detection. Comprehensive characterization (XPS, FTIR, XRD, HR-TEM/SAED) confirmed successful heteroatom incorporation, high porosity, and graphitic domains. BS-AC (400) exhibited intense photoluminescence with a maximum emission at 335&#xa0;nm upon 230&#xa0;nm excitation, which was selectively and efficiently quenched by Hg<sup>2</sup>⁺ even in the presence of 14 competing metal ions. The sensor achieved a detection limit of 9.73&#xa0;µM and demonstrated excellent reproducibility, photostability, and applicability in real water samples, achieving 94–103% recovery. Comparative analysis with recent biomass-derived sensors revealed that BS-AC (400) offers competitive sensitivity and superior selectivity, attributed to strong Hg<sup>2</sup>⁺–S interactions (soft–soft binding) and enhanced surface chemistry from heteroatom doping. These results highlight BS-AC (400) as a sustainable, scalable, and versatile platform for real-time mercury monitoring in environmental water systems.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Biomass-Derived Activated Carbon as a Fluorescent Probe for Sensitive Detection of Mercury (II) in Wastewater

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月14日

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  • Nancy Jaswal,
  • Jagdeep Kour,
  • Pramod Kumar

摘要

Mercury (Hg2⁺) contamination in water poses severe environmental and health risks due to its extreme toxicity and bioaccumulation potential. Herein, we report a sulfur doped activated carbon derived from banana stem (BS-AC (400)), synthesized via H₂SO₄ activation and low-temperature annealing under N₂, as a low-cost yet highly efficient fluorescent probe for Hg2⁺ detection. Comprehensive characterization (XPS, FTIR, XRD, HR-TEM/SAED) confirmed successful heteroatom incorporation, high porosity, and graphitic domains. BS-AC (400) exhibited intense photoluminescence with a maximum emission at 335 nm upon 230 nm excitation, which was selectively and efficiently quenched by Hg2⁺ even in the presence of 14 competing metal ions. The sensor achieved a detection limit of 9.73 µM and demonstrated excellent reproducibility, photostability, and applicability in real water samples, achieving 94–103% recovery. Comparative analysis with recent biomass-derived sensors revealed that BS-AC (400) offers competitive sensitivity and superior selectivity, attributed to strong Hg2⁺–S interactions (soft–soft binding) and enhanced surface chemistry from heteroatom doping. These results highlight BS-AC (400) as a sustainable, scalable, and versatile platform for real-time mercury monitoring in environmental water systems.

Graphical Abstract