<p>Global solutions <i>u</i> to the semilinear heat equation <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10884_2025_10443_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="156" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\partial _tu-\Delta u=\mu |u|^{\lambda -l}u^l\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>∂</mi> <mi>t</mi> </msub> <mi>u</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>μ</mi> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>u</mi> <mi>l</mi> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> on <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10884_2025_10443_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="86" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((0,\infty ) \times \mathbb {R}^n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>∞</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are considered, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10884_2025_10443_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(n \ge 2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10884_2025_10443_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="130" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(1+2/n&lt;\lambda &lt;\infty \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mi>∞</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10884_2025_10443_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="44" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\lambda \notin \mathbb {N}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>∉</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10884_2025_10443_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="72" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(l \in \{0,1\}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>l</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10884_2025_10443_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="89" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mu \in \mathbb {R} \setminus \{0\}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>μ</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> <mo lspace="0.15em" rspace="0.15em" stretchy="false">\</mo> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. In the author’s preceding paper (Commun.&#xa0;Pure Appl.&#xa0;Anal.&#xa0;<b>23</b> (2024), no.&#xa0;6, 830–872), it was shown that while <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10884_2025_10443_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="192" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(u \in C((0,\infty );C^{\lambda +2-\sigma }(\mathbb {R}^n))\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>u</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>∞</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>;</mo> <msup> <mi>C</mi> <mrow> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>-</mo> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> holds for all <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10884_2025_10443_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="73" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(0&lt;\sigma &lt;1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mi>σ</mi> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, there exists an initial datum <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10884_2025_10443_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="151" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a=u(0,\cdot ) \in C_0^{\infty }(\mathbb {R}^n)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo>·</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>∈</mo> <msubsup> <mi>C</mi> <mn>0</mn> <mi>∞</mi> </msubsup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10884_2025_10443_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="192" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(u \notin C((0,\infty );C^{\lambda +2+\sigma }(\mathbb {R}^n))\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>u</mi> <mo>∉</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>∞</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>;</mo> <msup> <mi>C</mi> <mrow> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for any <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10884_2025_10443_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="73" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(0&lt;\sigma &lt;1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mi>σ</mi> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. In this paper, we consider the <i>marginal</i> case <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10884_2025_10443_Article_IEq13.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="42" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sigma =0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and show that while <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10884_2025_10443_Article_IEq14.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="183" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(u \in C_{\textrm{w}}((0,\infty );C^{\lambda +2}(\mathbb {R}^n))\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>u</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mtext>w</mtext> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>∞</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>;</mo> <msup> <mi>C</mi> <mrow> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> holds, there exists an initial datum <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10884_2025_10443_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="151" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a=u(0,\cdot ) \in C_0^{\infty }(\mathbb {R}^n)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo>·</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>∈</mo> <msubsup> <mi>C</mi> <mn>0</mn> <mi>∞</mi> </msubsup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10884_2025_10443_Article_IEq16.gif" Format="GIF" Height="22" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="185" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(u \notin L_{\textrm{loc}}^{\infty }((0,\infty );h_{\textrm{loc}}^{\lambda +2}(\mathbb {R}^n))\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>u</mi> <mo>∉</mo> <msubsup> <mi>L</mi> <mrow> <mtext>loc</mtext> </mrow> <mi>∞</mi> </msubsup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>∞</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>;</mo> <msubsup> <mi>h</mi> <mrow> <mtext>loc</mtext> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq17"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10884_2025_10443_Article_IEq17.gif" Format="GIF" Height="22" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="175" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(u \notin C((0,\infty );C_{\textrm{loc}}^{\lambda +2}(\mathbb {R}^n))\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>u</mi> <mo>∉</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>∞</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>;</mo> <msubsup> <mi>C</mi> <mrow> <mtext>loc</mtext> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq18"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10884_2025_10443_Article_IEq18.gif" Format="GIF" Height="22" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="64" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(h_{\textrm{loc}}^{\lambda +2}(\mathbb {R}^n)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>h</mi> <mrow> <mtext>loc</mtext> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> denotes the local little-Hölder spaces. Our results imply that in general, the regularity <InlineEquation ID="IEq19"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10884_2025_10443_Article_IEq14.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="183" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(u \in C_{\textrm{w}}((0,\infty );C^{\lambda +2}(\mathbb {R}^n))\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>u</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mtext>w</mtext> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>∞</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>;</mo> <msup> <mi>C</mi> <mrow> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is <i>optimal</i> in space and time.</p>

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Optimal Hölder-Regularities of Global Solutions to the Semilinear Heat Equation

  • Taiki Takeuchi

摘要

Global solutions u to the semilinear heat equation \(\partial _tu-\Delta u=\mu |u|^{\lambda -l}u^l\) t u - Δ u = μ | u | λ - l u l on \((0,\infty ) \times \mathbb {R}^n\) ( 0 , ) × R n are considered, where \(n \ge 2\) n 2 , \(1+2/n<\lambda <\infty \) 1 + 2 / n < λ < , \(\lambda \notin \mathbb {N}\) λ N , \(l \in \{0,1\}\) l { 0 , 1 } , and \(\mu \in \mathbb {R} \setminus \{0\}\) μ R \ { 0 } . In the author’s preceding paper (Commun. Pure Appl. Anal. 23 (2024), no. 6, 830–872), it was shown that while \(u \in C((0,\infty );C^{\lambda +2-\sigma }(\mathbb {R}^n))\) u C ( ( 0 , ) ; C λ + 2 - σ ( R n ) ) holds for all \(0<\sigma <1\) 0 < σ < 1 , there exists an initial datum \(a=u(0,\cdot ) \in C_0^{\infty }(\mathbb {R}^n)\) a = u ( 0 , · ) C 0 ( R n ) such that \(u \notin C((0,\infty );C^{\lambda +2+\sigma }(\mathbb {R}^n))\) u C ( ( 0 , ) ; C λ + 2 + σ ( R n ) ) for any \(0<\sigma <1\) 0 < σ < 1 . In this paper, we consider the marginal case \(\sigma =0\) σ = 0 and show that while \(u \in C_{\textrm{w}}((0,\infty );C^{\lambda +2}(\mathbb {R}^n))\) u C w ( ( 0 , ) ; C λ + 2 ( R n ) ) holds, there exists an initial datum \(a=u(0,\cdot ) \in C_0^{\infty }(\mathbb {R}^n)\) a = u ( 0 , · ) C 0 ( R n ) such that \(u \notin L_{\textrm{loc}}^{\infty }((0,\infty );h_{\textrm{loc}}^{\lambda +2}(\mathbb {R}^n))\) u L loc ( ( 0 , ) ; h loc λ + 2 ( R n ) ) and \(u \notin C((0,\infty );C_{\textrm{loc}}^{\lambda +2}(\mathbb {R}^n))\) u C ( ( 0 , ) ; C loc λ + 2 ( R n ) ) , where \(h_{\textrm{loc}}^{\lambda +2}(\mathbb {R}^n)\) h loc λ + 2 ( R n ) denotes the local little-Hölder spaces. Our results imply that in general, the regularity \(u \in C_{\textrm{w}}((0,\infty );C^{\lambda +2}(\mathbb {R}^n))\) u C w ( ( 0 , ) ; C λ + 2 ( R n ) ) is optimal in space and time.