<p>Motivated by a prey-predator model with nonautonomous diffusion, we study fully nonautonomous evolution equation of the form <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10883_2025_9728_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="23" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="209" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\frac{d x}{dt} + A(t)x(t) = f(t, x)+g(t)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">dx</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">dt</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> <mo>+</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>g</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in which the family of linear partial differential operators <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10883_2025_9728_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="65" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((A(t))_{t\in \mathbb {R}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and the nonlinear function <i>f</i>(<i>t</i>,&#xa0;<i>x</i>) are 1-periodic in time <i>t</i>, whereas the external force <i>g</i>(<i>t</i>) is an almost periodic function. We show the existence of a unique almost periodic solution to the above-mentioned equation. We also prove the existence of an inertial manifold for the solutions around such a solution. The existence of such an inertial manifold is shown in the cases that the family <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10883_2025_9728_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="65" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((A(t))_{t\in \mathbb {R}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> generates an evolution family <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10883_2025_9728_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="81" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((U(t,s))_{t\ge s}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>s</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> satisfying certain dichotomy estimates, and the nonlinear function <i>f</i>(<i>t</i>,&#xa0;<i>x</i>) is <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10883_2025_9728_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="16" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varphi \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>φ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-Lipschitz, i.e., <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10883_2025_9728_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="327" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\left||{f(t,x_1)-f(t,x_2)}\right||\leqslant \varphi (t)||{A(t)^{\theta } (x_1-x_2)}||\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mfenced close="|" open="|"> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mfenced> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mo>⩽</mo> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>θ</mi> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> where <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10883_2025_9728_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="31" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varphi (\cdot )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>φ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>·</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> belongs to certain admissible space. Then, we apply our abstract results to the prey-predator model with nonautonomous diffusion.</p>

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Almost Periodic Motions and Inertial Manifolds nearby for Prey-Predator Model with Nonautonomous Diffusion

  • Thi Ngoc Ha Vu,
  • Thieu Huy Nguyen

摘要

Motivated by a prey-predator model with nonautonomous diffusion, we study fully nonautonomous evolution equation of the form \(\frac{d x}{dt} + A(t)x(t) = f(t, x)+g(t)\) dx dt + A ( t ) x ( t ) = f ( t , x ) + g ( t ) in which the family of linear partial differential operators \((A(t))_{t\in \mathbb {R}}\) ( A ( t ) ) t R and the nonlinear function f(tx) are 1-periodic in time t, whereas the external force g(t) is an almost periodic function. We show the existence of a unique almost periodic solution to the above-mentioned equation. We also prove the existence of an inertial manifold for the solutions around such a solution. The existence of such an inertial manifold is shown in the cases that the family \((A(t))_{t\in \mathbb {R}}\) ( A ( t ) ) t R generates an evolution family \((U(t,s))_{t\ge s}\) ( U ( t , s ) ) t s satisfying certain dichotomy estimates, and the nonlinear function f(tx) is \(\varphi \) φ -Lipschitz, i.e., \(\left||{f(t,x_1)-f(t,x_2)}\right||\leqslant \varphi (t)||{A(t)^{\theta } (x_1-x_2)}||\) | f ( t , x 1 ) - f ( t , x 2 ) | φ ( t ) | | A ( t ) θ ( x 1 - x 2 ) | | where \(\varphi (\cdot )\) φ ( · ) belongs to certain admissible space. Then, we apply our abstract results to the prey-predator model with nonautonomous diffusion.