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<p>Synchronous schedules of reinforcement involve the delivery of a preferred stimulus contingent on the continuous engagement in the target behavior, such that the behavior and reinforcer are synchronized. Previous research has utilized synchronous schedules of reinforcement to increase and maintain responding such as on-task behavior, mask-wearing, and walking on a treadmill. This experiment evaluated the effectiveness of synchronous schedules of reinforcement on walking on a treadmill in 10 adults with autism spectrum disorder. In Study 1, participants completed a conjugate preference assessment using a hand dynamometer to identify a preferred genre of music that was accessible while on the treadmill. Compared to previous research utilizing this treadmill preparation, the results of Study 1 demonstrated low efficacy in the percentage of the session in which participants Pace maintained within the synchronous schedule of reinforcement. In Study 2, participants had access to self-selected music while on the treadmill. Of the nine participants from Study 1 that participated in Study 2, all their responding improved (i.e., increased the percentage of the session in which their pace accessed the music within the synchronous reinforcement components). This suggests that individualized music reinforcers may be more effective at maintaining responding while using a synchronous schedule of reinforcement.</p>

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Evaluating the Feasibility of Automated Synchronous Music Reinforcement on Walking Speed in Adults with ASD: A Proof-of-Concept Study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月3日

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  • Emma J. Walker,
  • Stephanie Howell,
  • Raymond G. Miltenberger,
  • Shreeya Deshmukh,
  • John T. Rapp,
  • Jonathan W. Pinkston

摘要

Synchronous schedules of reinforcement involve the delivery of a preferred stimulus contingent on the continuous engagement in the target behavior, such that the behavior and reinforcer are synchronized. Previous research has utilized synchronous schedules of reinforcement to increase and maintain responding such as on-task behavior, mask-wearing, and walking on a treadmill. This experiment evaluated the effectiveness of synchronous schedules of reinforcement on walking on a treadmill in 10 adults with autism spectrum disorder. In Study 1, participants completed a conjugate preference assessment using a hand dynamometer to identify a preferred genre of music that was accessible while on the treadmill. Compared to previous research utilizing this treadmill preparation, the results of Study 1 demonstrated low efficacy in the percentage of the session in which participants Pace maintained within the synchronous schedule of reinforcement. In Study 2, participants had access to self-selected music while on the treadmill. Of the nine participants from Study 1 that participated in Study 2, all their responding improved (i.e., increased the percentage of the session in which their pace accessed the music within the synchronous reinforcement components). This suggests that individualized music reinforcers may be more effective at maintaining responding while using a synchronous schedule of reinforcement.