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<p>The widespread contamination of water by industrial dyes and the increasing threat of drug-resistant pathogens present urgent environmental and biomedical challenges. Current remediation and antimicrobial strategies often suffer from inefficiency, high cost, and environmental toxicity. To address this, we developed a sustainable, dual-purpose Fluorescent Carbon Nanoparticles (FCNs) via a one-pot hydrothermal synthesis using <i>Arthrospira</i> (Spirulina) biomass. FCNs synthesis was confirmed with spectroscopic and microscopic techniques i.e. Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and zeta potential. UV, PL and FTIR indicate the presence of characteristic absorption peaks at 238 and 434&#xa0;nm, excitation-dependent blue photoluminescence, and presence of characteristic functional groups (OH, C = O, C─O). The images of FESEM demonstrated a quasi-spherical morphology whereas zeta potential was − 13.10 mV, which highlights moderate stability. XRD identified a carbon-related reflection at 28.27° at the (100) plane and Scherrer analysis indicated a crystallite size of 26 ± 3.90&#xa0;nm. The FCNs indicated remarkable photocatalytic efficiency, with 67.80% degradation of crystal violet in 120&#xa0;min under visible light. Antioxidant activity was dose-dependent with significant scavenging activity of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (IC<sub>50</sub> = 74.90&#xa0;µg/mL), Hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) (IC<sub>50</sub> = 132.10&#xa0;µg/mL) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (IC<sub>50</sub> = 123&#xa0;µg/mL). Moreover, enzyme inhibition assays indicated significant alpha-amylase inhibitory activity (IC<sub>50</sub>= 136&#xa0;µg/mL). The FCNs also exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against bacterial strains and antifungal potential against <i>Alternaria alternata</i> (IC<sub>50</sub>= 155.40&#xa0;µg/mL). They demonstrated good hemocompatibility (under 5% hemolysis at 90&#xa0;µg/mL) and moderate cytotoxicity in brine shrimp assays (LC<sub>50</sub>= 126&#xa0;µg/mL). Further, there was mild dose-dependent protein kinase inhibition. Overall, this paper highlights <i>Arthrospira</i>-derived FCNs as an attractive green nanoplatform for combined environmental remediation and biomedical applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Hydrothermal Synthesis of Arthrospira sp. derived Fluorescent Carbon Nanoparticles (FCNs) for Multifunctional Photocatalytic and Biomedical Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月9日

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  • Asma Ajmal,
  • Amber Jabeen,
  • Javed Abbas,
  • Zainab Naeem,
  • Sohaib Ahmed,
  • Abdul SamadMumtaz

摘要

The widespread contamination of water by industrial dyes and the increasing threat of drug-resistant pathogens present urgent environmental and biomedical challenges. Current remediation and antimicrobial strategies often suffer from inefficiency, high cost, and environmental toxicity. To address this, we developed a sustainable, dual-purpose Fluorescent Carbon Nanoparticles (FCNs) via a one-pot hydrothermal synthesis using Arthrospira (Spirulina) biomass. FCNs synthesis was confirmed with spectroscopic and microscopic techniques i.e. Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and zeta potential. UV, PL and FTIR indicate the presence of characteristic absorption peaks at 238 and 434 nm, excitation-dependent blue photoluminescence, and presence of characteristic functional groups (OH, C = O, C─O). The images of FESEM demonstrated a quasi-spherical morphology whereas zeta potential was − 13.10 mV, which highlights moderate stability. XRD identified a carbon-related reflection at 28.27° at the (100) plane and Scherrer analysis indicated a crystallite size of 26 ± 3.90 nm. The FCNs indicated remarkable photocatalytic efficiency, with 67.80% degradation of crystal violet in 120 min under visible light. Antioxidant activity was dose-dependent with significant scavenging activity of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (IC50 = 74.90 µg/mL), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (IC50 = 132.10 µg/mL) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (IC50 = 123 µg/mL). Moreover, enzyme inhibition assays indicated significant alpha-amylase inhibitory activity (IC50= 136 µg/mL). The FCNs also exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against bacterial strains and antifungal potential against Alternaria alternata (IC50= 155.40 µg/mL). They demonstrated good hemocompatibility (under 5% hemolysis at 90 µg/mL) and moderate cytotoxicity in brine shrimp assays (LC50= 126 µg/mL). Further, there was mild dose-dependent protein kinase inhibition. Overall, this paper highlights Arthrospira-derived FCNs as an attractive green nanoplatform for combined environmental remediation and biomedical applications.

Graphical Abstract