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<p>A sustainable nanosystem was developed via the green synthesis of AgNPs using raw lyophilized <i>C. aspersum</i> mucus as a multifunctional reducing and stabilizing matrix, followed by surface functionalization with azithromycin, ceftriaxone, and gentamicin. UV–Vis spectroscopy confirmed AgNPs formation, with a SPR 495&#xa0;nm and FWHM 167&#xa0;nm with narrowing to 156&#xa0;nm after 1 month indicated improved optical stability of the mucus-stabilized nanosystem. Antibiotic functionalization caused shifts in the SPR to 470–490&#xa0;nm and changes in FWHM, supporting interactions between antibiotic molecules and the AgNPs-Muc surface. SEM analysis revealed predominantly spherical AgNPs–Muc particles of 13–37&#xa0;nm, whereas the antibiotic-functionalized systems generally showed more compact particles of approximately 18–20&#xa0;nm. EDX and FTIR analyses supported antibiotic incorporation into the mucus-derived organic shell, mainly through hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and possible coordination interactions involving O- and N-containing functional groups. AgNPs–Muc showed intrinsic antimicrobial activity against <i>E. coli</i>, <i>B. subtilis</i>, and <i>C. albicans</i>, with inhibition zones of 11.62–15.74&#xa0;mm. Despite the approximately 9-fold lower antibiotic concentration in the conjugates, the antibiotic-functionalized nanosystems enhanced antimicrobial activity. The most pronounced effect was observed for AgNPs–Muc–gentamicin, which increased inhibition zones by 71.6% against <i>E. coli</i>, 46.4% against <i>B. subtilis</i>, and 58.6% against <i>C. albicans</i> compared with AgNPs–Muc alone. These results indicate nanoparticle-assisted antimicrobial potentiating and highlight mucus-mediated AgNPs–antibiotic conjugates as sustainable platforms for the further development of antibiotic-sparing local antimicrobial systems.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Antibiotic-conjugated Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized via Raw Lyophilized Сornu aspersum Mucus: Physicochemical Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月26日

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  • Liudmyla Khrokalo,
  • Daria Sulyma,
  • Viktoria Vorobyova,
  • Оleksandra Berezhnytska,
  • Maryna Polischuk

摘要

A sustainable nanosystem was developed via the green synthesis of AgNPs using raw lyophilized C. aspersum mucus as a multifunctional reducing and stabilizing matrix, followed by surface functionalization with azithromycin, ceftriaxone, and gentamicin. UV–Vis spectroscopy confirmed AgNPs formation, with a SPR 495 nm and FWHM 167 nm with narrowing to 156 nm after 1 month indicated improved optical stability of the mucus-stabilized nanosystem. Antibiotic functionalization caused shifts in the SPR to 470–490 nm and changes in FWHM, supporting interactions between antibiotic molecules and the AgNPs-Muc surface. SEM analysis revealed predominantly spherical AgNPs–Muc particles of 13–37 nm, whereas the antibiotic-functionalized systems generally showed more compact particles of approximately 18–20 nm. EDX and FTIR analyses supported antibiotic incorporation into the mucus-derived organic shell, mainly through hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and possible coordination interactions involving O- and N-containing functional groups. AgNPs–Muc showed intrinsic antimicrobial activity against E. coli, B. subtilis, and C. albicans, with inhibition zones of 11.62–15.74 mm. Despite the approximately 9-fold lower antibiotic concentration in the conjugates, the antibiotic-functionalized nanosystems enhanced antimicrobial activity. The most pronounced effect was observed for AgNPs–Muc–gentamicin, which increased inhibition zones by 71.6% against E. coli, 46.4% against B. subtilis, and 58.6% against C. albicans compared with AgNPs–Muc alone. These results indicate nanoparticle-assisted antimicrobial potentiating and highlight mucus-mediated AgNPs–antibiotic conjugates as sustainable platforms for the further development of antibiotic-sparing local antimicrobial systems.

Graphical Abstract