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<p>The rising concentration of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> poses significant environmental and health concerns, prompting the urgent development of cost-effective and sensitive gas sensing materials. In this study, carbon dots (CDs) and manganese-doped carbon dots (Mn-CDs) were synthesized via a rapid microwave-assisted approach. Structural and morphological characterization using Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and nitrogen physisorption (BET) confirmed the formation of porous carbonaceous materials with tuneable surface chemistry. Gas sensing performance was evaluated over a concentration range of 200–1000 ppm CO<sub>2</sub>. The response for pristine CD came out to be 16%, 20%, 31%, 35% and 58% for 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 ppm, respectively. With addition of Mn on the CD (3.99 wt%), the sensing response enhances to 18%, 28%, 37% 46% and 77% for 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 ppm, respectively. The Mn-CD demonstrated an enhanced response, reaching up to 77% at 1000 ppm, compared to the modest response (58%) observed for undoped CDs, an increase in response by 33%. This improvement is attributed to the synergistic effects of increased porosity, enriched active surface sites, and modified electronic properties introduced by Mn incorporation. Theoretical analysis based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) further validated the experimental findings, revealing consistent trends in electronic structure modifications and adsorption behaviour due to Mn doping. These findings underscore the potential of Mn-doped carbon dots as efficient, low-cost and scalable materials for CO<sub>2</sub> detection across a range of gas concentrations.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Microwave-Synthesized Manganese Doped Carbon Dots as Efficient CO2 Sensors: A Synergistic Experimental-Theoretical Approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月18日

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  • Jyoti R,
  • Nihal,
  • B. C. Choudhary,
  • Ramesh K. Sharma,
  • Isobel E. Wood,
  • Martin J. Taylor,
  • Timothy J. Prior

摘要

The rising concentration of atmospheric CO2 poses significant environmental and health concerns, prompting the urgent development of cost-effective and sensitive gas sensing materials. In this study, carbon dots (CDs) and manganese-doped carbon dots (Mn-CDs) were synthesized via a rapid microwave-assisted approach. Structural and morphological characterization using Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and nitrogen physisorption (BET) confirmed the formation of porous carbonaceous materials with tuneable surface chemistry. Gas sensing performance was evaluated over a concentration range of 200–1000 ppm CO2. The response for pristine CD came out to be 16%, 20%, 31%, 35% and 58% for 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 ppm, respectively. With addition of Mn on the CD (3.99 wt%), the sensing response enhances to 18%, 28%, 37% 46% and 77% for 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 ppm, respectively. The Mn-CD demonstrated an enhanced response, reaching up to 77% at 1000 ppm, compared to the modest response (58%) observed for undoped CDs, an increase in response by 33%. This improvement is attributed to the synergistic effects of increased porosity, enriched active surface sites, and modified electronic properties introduced by Mn incorporation. Theoretical analysis based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) further validated the experimental findings, revealing consistent trends in electronic structure modifications and adsorption behaviour due to Mn doping. These findings underscore the potential of Mn-doped carbon dots as efficient, low-cost and scalable materials for CO2 detection across a range of gas concentrations.

Graphical Abstract