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<p><i>Cetraria islandica</i> (L.) Ach. lichen extract was employed as a bioinorganic reducing and stabilizing agent for the single-step green synthesis of a quaternary LrGO-Ag-Au-CuₓO nanocomposite integrating lichen-reduced graphene oxide (LrGO), silver (Ag), gold (Au), and copper oxide (CuₓO). XRD Rietveld refinement confirmed the coexistence of four crystalline phases – Ag (56.9 wt%), Au (28.9 wt%), CuO (7.5 wt%), and Cu₂O (6.7 wt%) – Alongside the LrGO matrix, while XPS established the zero-valent states of Ag and Au and the formation of CuO/Cu₂O heterojunctions. TEM analysis revealed a narrow nanoparticle size distribution with an average of 6.03 ± 2.61&#xa0;nm, and BET analysis yielded a specific surface area of 11&#xa0;m² g⁻¹. The dual functionality of the nanocomposite was evaluated through two model reactions. In the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) using NaBH₄, the LrGO-Ag-Au-CuₓO (1:1:1) nanocomposite exhibited an apparent rate constant of 0.0078 ± 0.0003&#xa0;s⁻¹ at a catalyst loading of 0.172&#xa0;mg mL⁻¹, maintaining stable activity over 11 consecutive cycles. Under visible LED irradiation, the nanocomposite achieved a methylene blue (MB) degradation efficiency of 97.67 ± 1.15% within 180&#xa0;min, with a rate constant of 0.0219 ± 0.00265&#xa0;min⁻¹. Radical trapping experiments identified •OH and •O₂⁻ as the dominant reactive species. These results establish <i>Cetraria islandica</i> extract as an effective green synthesis medium for the fabrication of multifunctional quaternary nanocomposites with competitive dual catalytic and photocatalytic performance.</p>

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Sustainable Design of LrGO–Ag–Au–CuxO Hybrid Nanocomposites with Superior Catalytic and Photocatalytic Efficiency in Aqueous Pollutant Degradation

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月19日

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  • Bengü Getiren Sevinç,
  • Salih Açıl,
  • Furkan Soysal,
  • Zafer Çıplak,
  • Atila Yıldız,
  • Nuray Yıldız

摘要

Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. lichen extract was employed as a bioinorganic reducing and stabilizing agent for the single-step green synthesis of a quaternary LrGO-Ag-Au-CuₓO nanocomposite integrating lichen-reduced graphene oxide (LrGO), silver (Ag), gold (Au), and copper oxide (CuₓO). XRD Rietveld refinement confirmed the coexistence of four crystalline phases – Ag (56.9 wt%), Au (28.9 wt%), CuO (7.5 wt%), and Cu₂O (6.7 wt%) – Alongside the LrGO matrix, while XPS established the zero-valent states of Ag and Au and the formation of CuO/Cu₂O heterojunctions. TEM analysis revealed a narrow nanoparticle size distribution with an average of 6.03 ± 2.61 nm, and BET analysis yielded a specific surface area of 11 m² g⁻¹. The dual functionality of the nanocomposite was evaluated through two model reactions. In the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) using NaBH₄, the LrGO-Ag-Au-CuₓO (1:1:1) nanocomposite exhibited an apparent rate constant of 0.0078 ± 0.0003 s⁻¹ at a catalyst loading of 0.172 mg mL⁻¹, maintaining stable activity over 11 consecutive cycles. Under visible LED irradiation, the nanocomposite achieved a methylene blue (MB) degradation efficiency of 97.67 ± 1.15% within 180 min, with a rate constant of 0.0219 ± 0.00265 min⁻¹. Radical trapping experiments identified •OH and •O₂⁻ as the dominant reactive species. These results establish Cetraria islandica extract as an effective green synthesis medium for the fabrication of multifunctional quaternary nanocomposites with competitive dual catalytic and photocatalytic performance.