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<p>Porous ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized via a facile, low-temperature hydrothermal method assisted by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and ascorbic acid, followed by a controlled annealing process. The synergistic effects of CTAB-mediated soft templating and thermal activation enabled the formation of uniform ZnO nanoparticles with high porosity and abundant oxygen vacancies. Structural, optical, and surface analyses confirmed the wurtzite crystal phase with high crystallinity and defect-rich nature of the nanoparticles, and a relatively large specific surface area of 12.24 m<sup>2</sup>/g. The resulting ZnO-based chemiresistive sensor exhibited excellent NO<sub>2</sub> sensing performance at an optimal operating temperature of 200°C, achieving a response of 95.8 toward 5 ppm NO<sub>2</sub> and a detection limit below 4 ppb. This result indicates a highly enhanced sensing capability compared to previously reported pristine ZnO nanostructures under comparable conditions. Additionally, it demonstrated excellent repeatability, stability, and reversible response/recovery behavior. The enhanced sensing capability is attributed to the combined effects of the porous morphology, abundant surface oxygen vacancies, and efficient modulation of the surface depletion layer during gas adsorption and desorption. This work demonstrates a cost-effective and scalable strategy for engineering ZnO nanostructures with tailored porosity and defect states, providing valuable insights into the structure–property relationship for high-performance NO<sub>2</sub> gas sensors suitable for environmental monitoring.</p>

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Facile Hydrothermal Synthesis of Porous ZnO Nanoparticles for Trace-Level NO2 Detection

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月17日

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  • Nguyen Hong Hanh,
  • Vu Huu Khanh,
  • Lai Van Duy,
  • Matteo Tonezzer,
  • Nguyen Duc Hoa

摘要

Porous ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized via a facile, low-temperature hydrothermal method assisted by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and ascorbic acid, followed by a controlled annealing process. The synergistic effects of CTAB-mediated soft templating and thermal activation enabled the formation of uniform ZnO nanoparticles with high porosity and abundant oxygen vacancies. Structural, optical, and surface analyses confirmed the wurtzite crystal phase with high crystallinity and defect-rich nature of the nanoparticles, and a relatively large specific surface area of 12.24 m2/g. The resulting ZnO-based chemiresistive sensor exhibited excellent NO2 sensing performance at an optimal operating temperature of 200°C, achieving a response of 95.8 toward 5 ppm NO2 and a detection limit below 4 ppb. This result indicates a highly enhanced sensing capability compared to previously reported pristine ZnO nanostructures under comparable conditions. Additionally, it demonstrated excellent repeatability, stability, and reversible response/recovery behavior. The enhanced sensing capability is attributed to the combined effects of the porous morphology, abundant surface oxygen vacancies, and efficient modulation of the surface depletion layer during gas adsorption and desorption. This work demonstrates a cost-effective and scalable strategy for engineering ZnO nanostructures with tailored porosity and defect states, providing valuable insights into the structure–property relationship for high-performance NO2 gas sensors suitable for environmental monitoring.