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<p>This study reports the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) using <i>Punica granatum</i> fruit peel extract and evaluates their antifungal and antimycotoxin potential against <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>. UV–visible spectroscopy confirmed the formation of SeNPs, with an absorption peak at 358&#xa0;nm, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the presence of hydroxyl, amide, phenolic, and carbonyl groups in nanoparticle reduction and stabilization. The SeNPs were predominantly spherical, with sizes of 33–68&#xa0;nm, and had a negative zeta potential (− 27 mV), indicating good colloidal stability. SeNPs exhibited potent antifungal activity, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 22.39 ± 0.80&#xa0;µg/mL and a minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 46.92 ± 2.65&#xa0;µg/mL. Complete inhibition of mycelial growth and aflatoxin B₁ production occurred at 50&#xa0;µg/mL. Mechanistic studies revealed concentration-dependent inhibition of spore germination, with complete suppression at 30&#xa0;µg/mL, accompanied by excessive intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Elevated ROS levels caused significant ergosterol depletion, loss of membrane integrity, and intracellular leakage of DNA and proteins. Cytocompatibility studies showed preferential toxicity toward cancer cells over normal cells, with a selectivity index (SI) of ~ 1.55. Zebrafish embryo biocompatibility assessment revealed a No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) of 70&#xa0;µg/mL, with mild developmental effects at the Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) of 80&#xa0;µg/mL. <i>P. granatum</i> peel extract-derived SeNPs demonstrate strong antifungal and antimycotoxin activities, mediated through ROS-induced oxidative stress, membrane disruption, and ergosterol depletion, while maintaining acceptable safety, indicating potential use in food safety and mycotoxin control.</p>

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Phytochemical-guided Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles from Punica granatum Peel for Control of Aspergillus flavus and Aflatoxin B₁: Mechanistic and Safety Insights

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月22日

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  • Lokanadhan Gunti,
  • Naveen Kumar Kalagatur,
  • Anusuya Nagaraj,
  • Pranab Kumar Mahata,
  • Regina Sharmila Dass

摘要

This study reports the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) using Punica granatum fruit peel extract and evaluates their antifungal and antimycotoxin potential against Aspergillus flavus. UV–visible spectroscopy confirmed the formation of SeNPs, with an absorption peak at 358 nm, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the presence of hydroxyl, amide, phenolic, and carbonyl groups in nanoparticle reduction and stabilization. The SeNPs were predominantly spherical, with sizes of 33–68 nm, and had a negative zeta potential (− 27 mV), indicating good colloidal stability. SeNPs exhibited potent antifungal activity, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 22.39 ± 0.80 µg/mL and a minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 46.92 ± 2.65 µg/mL. Complete inhibition of mycelial growth and aflatoxin B₁ production occurred at 50 µg/mL. Mechanistic studies revealed concentration-dependent inhibition of spore germination, with complete suppression at 30 µg/mL, accompanied by excessive intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Elevated ROS levels caused significant ergosterol depletion, loss of membrane integrity, and intracellular leakage of DNA and proteins. Cytocompatibility studies showed preferential toxicity toward cancer cells over normal cells, with a selectivity index (SI) of ~ 1.55. Zebrafish embryo biocompatibility assessment revealed a No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) of 70 µg/mL, with mild developmental effects at the Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) of 80 µg/mL. P. granatum peel extract-derived SeNPs demonstrate strong antifungal and antimycotoxin activities, mediated through ROS-induced oxidative stress, membrane disruption, and ergosterol depletion, while maintaining acceptable safety, indicating potential use in food safety and mycotoxin control.