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Aim of the Study <p>To design and comprehensively assess a nanoemulsion formulation containing combined cinnamon and black pepper oils (CBPO-NE) with enhanced transdermal delivery, and to assess its comparative effects on wound healing, anti-inflammatory activity, skin irritation, and anticancer potential.</p> Materials and Methods <p>Cinnamon and black pepper oils (as the oil phase), Tween-80 was chosen as the surfactant and PEG-400 as the co-surfactant due to their favorable solubility profiles and compatibility with the formulation components and the largest nanoemulsion (NE) region. CBPO-NE was prepared using method of aqueous micro titration combined with ultrasonication. The formulation was further optimized using a six-factor, four-level central composite design. The independent variables included the percentages of oil 1, oil 2, and Smix, along with ultrasonication-time (minutes), %ultrasonication-intensity, and temperature: °C, to determine the optimal nanoemulsion formulation.</p> Results <p>The optimized nanoemulsion (NE) was prepared using the following parameters: Oil 1 (0.5%), Oil 2 (0.5%), 10% Smix, ultrasonication-time (five-minutes), ultrasonication-intensity (30%), and temperature (25&#xa0;°C). Based on experimental data, the optimized CBPO-NE exhibited a globule-diameter of 81.65 ± 5.34&#xa0;nm, % transmittance of 96.58 ± 5.01%, and a PDI of 0.293 ± 0.0007. SEM analysis shown smooth, spherical globules. Additional characterization showed a zeta potential of − 7.83 ± 0.363mV, refractive index of 1.710 ± 0.04, viscosity of 38 ± 6 cP, pH of 6.65 ± 0.10, and drug content of 98.23 ± 0.61%. The optimized CBPO-NE, formulated with Tween-80 and PEG-400, demonstrated potential for enhanced transdermal delivery of CBPO. Topical application promoted faster wound closure, reduced edema, and exhibited anti-inflammatory effects comparable to fusidic acid, with no inflammatory-cell infiltration. Patch tests in Wistar rats showed only mild, transient erythema, confirming dermal safety. In MCF-7 cells, CBPO-NE induced dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity, primarily via apoptosis.</p> Conclusion <p>The optimized CBPO-NE is a safe, effective, and promising candidate for topical wound healing, anti-inflammatory therapy, and potential anticancer applications, supporting further preclinical and clinical evaluation.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Cinnamon–black Pepper Oil-loaded Nanoemulsion: Enhanced Transdermal Delivery for Wound Healing and Breast Cancer Therapy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月19日

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  • Mohd Faiyaz Khan,
  • Niyaz Ahmad,
  • Khalid Ansari,
  • Md Afroz Bakht,
  • Sadaf Farooqui,
  • Sarfaraz Ahmad

摘要

Aim of the Study

To design and comprehensively assess a nanoemulsion formulation containing combined cinnamon and black pepper oils (CBPO-NE) with enhanced transdermal delivery, and to assess its comparative effects on wound healing, anti-inflammatory activity, skin irritation, and anticancer potential.

Materials and Methods

Cinnamon and black pepper oils (as the oil phase), Tween-80 was chosen as the surfactant and PEG-400 as the co-surfactant due to their favorable solubility profiles and compatibility with the formulation components and the largest nanoemulsion (NE) region. CBPO-NE was prepared using method of aqueous micro titration combined with ultrasonication. The formulation was further optimized using a six-factor, four-level central composite design. The independent variables included the percentages of oil 1, oil 2, and Smix, along with ultrasonication-time (minutes), %ultrasonication-intensity, and temperature: °C, to determine the optimal nanoemulsion formulation.

Results

The optimized nanoemulsion (NE) was prepared using the following parameters: Oil 1 (0.5%), Oil 2 (0.5%), 10% Smix, ultrasonication-time (five-minutes), ultrasonication-intensity (30%), and temperature (25 °C). Based on experimental data, the optimized CBPO-NE exhibited a globule-diameter of 81.65 ± 5.34 nm, % transmittance of 96.58 ± 5.01%, and a PDI of 0.293 ± 0.0007. SEM analysis shown smooth, spherical globules. Additional characterization showed a zeta potential of − 7.83 ± 0.363mV, refractive index of 1.710 ± 0.04, viscosity of 38 ± 6 cP, pH of 6.65 ± 0.10, and drug content of 98.23 ± 0.61%. The optimized CBPO-NE, formulated with Tween-80 and PEG-400, demonstrated potential for enhanced transdermal delivery of CBPO. Topical application promoted faster wound closure, reduced edema, and exhibited anti-inflammatory effects comparable to fusidic acid, with no inflammatory-cell infiltration. Patch tests in Wistar rats showed only mild, transient erythema, confirming dermal safety. In MCF-7 cells, CBPO-NE induced dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity, primarily via apoptosis.

Conclusion

The optimized CBPO-NE is a safe, effective, and promising candidate for topical wound healing, anti-inflammatory therapy, and potential anticancer applications, supporting further preclinical and clinical evaluation.

Graphical Abstract