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<p>This work reports the sustainable synthesis and design of multi-metal ferrite nanocomposites supported by activated carbon (AC) derived from banana stem waste for high-performance energy storage. The AC was obtained through potassium hydroxide (KOH) chemical activation followed by high-temperature carbonization, producing a large surface area of 2271&#xa0;m²/g and an average pore size of 2.96&#xa0;nm. Nickel ferrite (NiFe₂O₄), manganese–nickel ferrite (Mn-NiFe₂O₄), and copper–nickel ferrite (Cu-NiFe₂O₄) nanoparticles were synthesized and integrated into the AC matrix using a co-precipitation method. Structural and surface characterizations, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), confirmed the successful incorporation of ferrite phases with crystallite sizes between 20 and 28&#xa0;nm while maintaining high porosity. Electrochemical testing through cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) demonstrated improved capacitance, conductivity, and cycling efficiency. The Mn-NiFe₂O₄/AC (Mn-NFAC) composite delivered the best performance, achieving a specific capacitance of 482&#xa0;F·g⁻¹ at 1.0&#xa0;A/g and retaining 93.9% of its initial capacitance after 10,000 cycles, surpassing pristine AC and other ferrite composites. Nyquist analysis revealed a low charge-transfer resistance (Rct = 5.29 Ω) and faster ion diffusion. In a symmetric two-electrode configuration, Mn-NFAC reached an energy density of 45 Wh/kg at a power density of 450&#xa0;W/kg, while maintaining 220&#xa0;F·g⁻¹ at 3.0&#xa0;A/g with a power density of 1350&#xa0;W/kg. These superior properties arise from the synergistic effects of the Mn-based ternary ferrite structure and the tailored porous AC framework, which together provide both electric double-layer capacitance and pseudo capacitance.</p>

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Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Multi-Metal Ferrite-Enhanced Activated Carbon from Banana Stem Waste for High-Performance Supercapacitor Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月28日

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  • Soad Zahir Alsheheri

摘要

This work reports the sustainable synthesis and design of multi-metal ferrite nanocomposites supported by activated carbon (AC) derived from banana stem waste for high-performance energy storage. The AC was obtained through potassium hydroxide (KOH) chemical activation followed by high-temperature carbonization, producing a large surface area of 2271 m²/g and an average pore size of 2.96 nm. Nickel ferrite (NiFe₂O₄), manganese–nickel ferrite (Mn-NiFe₂O₄), and copper–nickel ferrite (Cu-NiFe₂O₄) nanoparticles were synthesized and integrated into the AC matrix using a co-precipitation method. Structural and surface characterizations, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), confirmed the successful incorporation of ferrite phases with crystallite sizes between 20 and 28 nm while maintaining high porosity. Electrochemical testing through cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) demonstrated improved capacitance, conductivity, and cycling efficiency. The Mn-NiFe₂O₄/AC (Mn-NFAC) composite delivered the best performance, achieving a specific capacitance of 482 F·g⁻¹ at 1.0 A/g and retaining 93.9% of its initial capacitance after 10,000 cycles, surpassing pristine AC and other ferrite composites. Nyquist analysis revealed a low charge-transfer resistance (Rct = 5.29 Ω) and faster ion diffusion. In a symmetric two-electrode configuration, Mn-NFAC reached an energy density of 45 Wh/kg at a power density of 450 W/kg, while maintaining 220 F·g⁻¹ at 3.0 A/g with a power density of 1350 W/kg. These superior properties arise from the synergistic effects of the Mn-based ternary ferrite structure and the tailored porous AC framework, which together provide both electric double-layer capacitance and pseudo capacitance.